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Nadia Islam Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Ugwoke Sunday Paul Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Rana Alhamdan Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Juan Hernandez-Medrano Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Bruce K Campbell Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Peter Marsters Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Walid E Maalouf Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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), luteinising hormone (LH)) which modulate the production and release of sex steroidal hormones oestradiol, progesterone and androstenedione. These ovarian steroids are key local intra-ovarian factors involved in the regulation of folliculogenesis ( Zumbado et

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Francisca Carvalhal Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal

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Marta Correia-da-Silva Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal

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Emília Sousa Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal

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Madalena Pinto Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal

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Anake Kijjoa Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal
ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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tunicate, for ovarian cancer and soft tissue sarcoma ( Mayer et al. 2010 , Jaspars et al. 2016 ). Within the marine-derived compounds which are in clinical trials, a marine steroid (squalamine, Fig. 1 ) is in phase III of drug development

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Nathan Appanna Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK

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Hylton Gibson Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa

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Elena Gangitano Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Lazio, Italy

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Niall J Dempster Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK

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Karen Morris Biochemistry Department, Manchester University NHS Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, Greater Manchester, UK

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Sherly George Biochemistry Department, Manchester University NHS Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, Greater Manchester, UK

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Anastasia Arvaniti Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK

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Laura L Gathercole Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK

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Brian Keevil Biochemistry Department, Manchester University NHS Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, Greater Manchester, UK

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Trevor M Penning Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Karl-Heinz Storbeck Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa

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Jeremy W Tomlinson Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK

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Nikolaos Nikolaou Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK

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Introduction Steroid hormones, including glucocorticoids, androgens and oestrogens, are fat-soluble molecules biosynthesised from cholesterol that play a crucial role in development, differentiation and metabolism ( Simons 2008

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Robin Haring Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

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Henri Wallaschofski Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

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Alexander Teumer Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

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Heyo Kroemer Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

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Angela E Taylor Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

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Cedric H L Shackleton Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

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Matthias Nauck Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

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Uwe Völker Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

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Georg Homuth Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

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Wiebke Arlt Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

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Introduction DHEAS is the most abundant steroid in human circulation and represents the conjugated, nonactive excretion form of DHEA, which acts as the universal sex steroid precursor and the major source of androgens in women ( Arlt et al . 1999

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Syed Kashif Zaidi Geriatric Research, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Program in Molecular Medicine, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC-182B), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
Geriatric Research, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Program in Molecular Medicine, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC-182B), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA

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Wen-Jun Shen Geriatric Research, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Program in Molecular Medicine, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC-182B), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
Geriatric Research, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Program in Molecular Medicine, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC-182B), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA

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Stefanie Bittner Geriatric Research, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Program in Molecular Medicine, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC-182B), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA

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Alex Bittner Geriatric Research, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Program in Molecular Medicine, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC-182B), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA

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Mark P McLean Geriatric Research, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Program in Molecular Medicine, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC-182B), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA

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Jiahuai Han Geriatric Research, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Program in Molecular Medicine, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC-182B), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA

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Roger J Davis Geriatric Research, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Program in Molecular Medicine, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC-182B), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA

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Fredric B Kraemer Geriatric Research, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Program in Molecular Medicine, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC-182B), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
Geriatric Research, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Program in Molecular Medicine, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC-182B), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA

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Salman Azhar Geriatric Research, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Program in Molecular Medicine, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC-182B), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
Geriatric Research, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Program in Molecular Medicine, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC-182B), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA

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Introduction Extensive experimental evidence now indicates that aging in humans and animal models is associated with a general decline in steroid hormone production ( Zaidi et al . 2012 ). Similarly, a number of in vitro studies have clearly

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Anuradha Mishra National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, ICMR, Parel, Mumbai, India

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Nirmalya Ganguli National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, Telangana, India

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Subeer S Majumdar National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, Telangana, India

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Deepak Modi National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, ICMR, Parel, Mumbai, India

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Giudice LC Young SL Lessey BA 2009 Mig-6 modulates uterine steroid hormone responsiveness and exhibits altered expression in endometrial disease . PNAS 106 8677 – 8682 . ( https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0903632106 ) 19439667 10.1073/pnas.0903632106

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Silvia Giatti Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy

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Mariaserena Boraso Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy

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Roberto Cosimo Melcangi Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy

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Barbara Viviani Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy

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Introduction Neuroactive steroids act as important physiological regulators of CNS functions ( Melcangi et al . 2008 , 2011 , Panzica et al . 2012 ). Moreover, as demonstrated in experimental models of several neurodegenerative disorders, the

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Paul A Foster Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK

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Jonathan Wolf Mueller Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK

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Introduction Steroid sulfation and desulfation pathways represent fundamental routes, which regulate steroid circulatory transport and action. While sulfated, almost all steroids are inert and unable to bind to and activate their specific

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Oscar J Pozo Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain

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Josep Marcos Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
Cerba Internacional, Barcelona, Spain

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Olha Khymenets Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain

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Andy Pranata Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia

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Christopher C Fitzgerald Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia

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Malcolm D McLeod Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia

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Cedric Shackleton Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA

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Introduction From the earliest days of steroid metabolomics, the principal conjugated forms of steroids (sulfates and glucuronides) have been hydrolyzed prior to analysis, and for decades, the instrument of choice for steroid separation and

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Meghan S Perkins Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa

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Renate Louw-du Toit Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa

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Donita Africander Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa

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progestin itself that bind to the ER. Although a number of studies have investigated effects of progestins via steroid receptors other than the PR ( Stanczyk et al. 2013 , Hapgood et al. 2014 ), these studies seldom directly compare different progestins

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