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Zhigang Hu Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

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Wen-Jun Shen Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

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Fredric B Kraemer Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

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Salman Azhar Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

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the adrenal cortex, ovary, testis and placenta. The synthesis of these steroid hormones (steroidogenesis) involves multiple pathways, as well as sequential actions of steroidogenic enzymes associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria

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Zhiyu Ma College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China

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Ying Zhang College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China

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Juan Su College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China

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Sheng Yang College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China

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Wenna Qiao College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China

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Xiang Li College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China

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Zhihai Lei College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China

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Ling Cheng College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China

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Na An College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China

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Wenshao Wang College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China

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Yanyan Feng College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China

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Jinlong Zhang College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China

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important reproductive organ in male animals, and the steroidogenesis (testosterone synthesis) mainly occurs in Leydig cells ( Dufau 1988 ). Testosterone synthesis is controlled by luteinizing hormone (LH), which is synthesized and secreted in the pituitary

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J J Allen Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA

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S L Herrick Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA

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J E Fortune Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA

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about the mechanisms that regulate steroidogenesis during fetal life, particularly at this critical time of development. In adult mammalian ovaries, the production of sex steroids from cholesterol is regulated by the gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone

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Colin R Jefcoate Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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Jinwoo Lee Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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significant effect on their activity but is typically a local change that benefits from analysis at the single cell level. Here, we focus on the Steroidogenesis Acute Regulator (STAR) as an intracellular organizer of such processes. We aim to supplement many

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Trinidad Raices Laboratorio de Endocrinología Molecular y Transducción de Señales, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME) – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina

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María Luisa Varela Laboratorio de Endocrinología Molecular y Transducción de Señales, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME) – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Casandra Margarita Monzón Laboratorio de Endocrinología Molecular y Transducción de Señales, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME) – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina

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María Florencia Correa Torrado Laboratorio de Endocrinología Molecular y Transducción de Señales, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME) – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Romina María Pagotto Unidad de Biología Celular, Institut Pasteur, Montevideo, Uruguay

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Marcos Besio Moreno Laboratorio de Endocrinología Molecular y Transducción de Señales, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME) – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Carolina Mondillo Laboratorio de Endocrinología Molecular y Transducción de Señales, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME) – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Omar Pedro Pignataro Laboratorio de Endocrinología Molecular y Transducción de Señales, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME) – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Elba Nora Pereyra Laboratorio de Endocrinología Molecular y Transducción de Señales, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME) – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina

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correct development and function of the male reproductive system ( Ye et al. 2017 ). Several paracrine/autocrine factors, apart from the canonical control by the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis, have been credited with steroidogenesis and

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Houssein S Abdou Reproduction, Mother and Youth Health, CHUQ Research Centre, Quebec, Canada

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Nicholas M Robert Reproduction, Mother and Youth Health, CHUQ Research Centre, Quebec, Canada

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Jacques J Tremblay Reproduction, Mother and Youth Health, CHUQ Research Centre, Quebec, Canada
Centre for Research in Biology of Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada

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gene expression and ultimately a physiological response, i.e. enhanced steroid hormone biosynthesis. Previously, the classical cAMP pathway was thought to account for most of the LH-induced steroidogenesis in Leydig cells (reviewed in Hansson et al

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Salman Azhar Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, California, USA

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Dachuan Dong Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

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Wen-Jun Shen Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

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Zhigang Hu Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology and College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China

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Fredric B Kraemer Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, California, USA

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transport to and within the mitochondria for side chain cleavage by CYP11A1 (P450scc) occurring within minutes, reflecting the acute regulation of steroidogenesis ( Miller & Bose 2011 , Hattangady et al . 2012 , Shen et al . 2016 a , Selvaraj et al

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Syed Kashif Zaidi Geriatric Research, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Program in Molecular Medicine, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC-182B), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
Geriatric Research, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Program in Molecular Medicine, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC-182B), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA

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Wen-Jun Shen Geriatric Research, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Program in Molecular Medicine, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC-182B), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
Geriatric Research, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Program in Molecular Medicine, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC-182B), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA

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Stefanie Bittner Geriatric Research, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Program in Molecular Medicine, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC-182B), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA

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Alex Bittner Geriatric Research, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Program in Molecular Medicine, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC-182B), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA

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Mark P McLean Geriatric Research, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Program in Molecular Medicine, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC-182B), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA

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Jiahuai Han Geriatric Research, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Program in Molecular Medicine, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC-182B), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA

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Roger J Davis Geriatric Research, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Program in Molecular Medicine, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC-182B), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA

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Fredric B Kraemer Geriatric Research, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Program in Molecular Medicine, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC-182B), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
Geriatric Research, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Program in Molecular Medicine, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC-182B), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA

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Salman Azhar Geriatric Research, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Program in Molecular Medicine, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC-182B), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
Geriatric Research, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Program in Molecular Medicine, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC-182B), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA

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/2 nor JNK1/2 was altered during aging ( Abidi et al . 2008 a ). We also showed that the use of p38 MAPK inhibitors (SB203580 and SB202190) and antioxidants (NAC and MnTMPyP) partially restored the steroidogenesis in adrenal cells from old animals

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N Renlund Department of Woman and Child Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit Q2:08, Karolinska Institute & University Hospital, Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA

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Y Jo Department of Woman and Child Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit Q2:08, Karolinska Institute & University Hospital, Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA

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I Svechnikova Department of Woman and Child Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit Q2:08, Karolinska Institute & University Hospital, Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA

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M Holst Department of Woman and Child Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit Q2:08, Karolinska Institute & University Hospital, Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA

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D M Stocco Department of Woman and Child Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit Q2:08, Karolinska Institute & University Hospital, Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA

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O Söder Department of Woman and Child Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit Q2:08, Karolinska Institute & University Hospital, Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA

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K Svechnikov Department of Woman and Child Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit Q2:08, Karolinska Institute & University Hospital, Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA

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signaling pathway(s) and, moreover, may be involved in the regulation of steroidogenesis by immature Leydig cells. In addition, our most recent findings that growth hormone- and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)-stimulated steroido-genesis in immature

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Pulak R Manna Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430, USA

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Syam P Chandrala Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430, USA

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Youngah Jo Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430, USA

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Douglas M Stocco Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430, USA

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Introduction Regulation of various Leydig cell functions, including steroidogenesis, are predominantly mediated by luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin (LH/CG) through the involvement of multiple signaling pathways ( Dufau 1988

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