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describe them from an evolutionary perspective. Readers interested in a detailed description of mechanisms are redirected to recent reviews on these topics ( Volkoff 2016 , Delgado et al . 2017 , Ronnestad et al . 2017 , van de Pol et al . 2017

important, the treatment should usually be carried out early. Declaration of interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the review. Funding The work in Lin Chen's laboratory

-cells. This review attempts to explore and summarise the current evidence in the literature. Hygiene hypothesis One of the most credited theories is the hygiene hypothesis brought forward by Strachan (1989) . The results have shown that exposure to a variety

, Stevens et al. 2015 , Trasino et al. 2015 a , Defnet et al. 2021 ). This review focuses on how retinol is metabolized to more bioactive retinoids, such as RA, in specific cell types, at the correct times and in the correct amounts. The role of the

of the peptide hormone and receptor in linking metabolism and inflammation. In this review, we summarize functional studies on the INSL5–RXFP4 system and present the available evidence from diverse experimental settings that point to their role as a

proliferative state, 4) how the pluripotent SCs behave in vitro , and (5) how they behave after reintroduction to an in vivo environment. This review will focus on current knowledge of each different type of normal SC in relation to these five aspects and

Introduction The goal of this review is to provide an analytical update on the biology of prolactin (PRL) actions, with a bias toward its effects in mammals, especially humans. The signal transduction mechanisms that underlie these biological

-opiomelanocortin (POMC), growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), and GH-releasing hormone (GHRH). We have also identified a role for Ikaros in modulating neuroendocrine cell growth and survival functions ( Ezzat et al . 2003 , 2006 b ). In this review, we cover the

interrelationships between cocaine and food-seeking behaviors. First, this review covers the role of σ 1 R in cocaine addiction via GPCR-mediated regulation of dopaminergic transmission. The second part covers recent data showing how sigma receptors regulate

in food, and many of them have biological properties, including endocrine-disrupting-related effects ( Gore et al . 2015 ), which extends the concept of endocrine disrupters beyond man-made chemicals. Several reviews have explored the effects of