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Carla Caruso
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Lila Carniglia
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Daniela Durand
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Teresa N Scimonelli School of Medicine, IFEC (CONICET) Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Research Institute (UBA-CONICET), University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 piso 10, 1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Mercedes Lasaga
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mechanical allodynia in a model of chronic pain in rats Bertorelli et al . (2005) Neuroprotection HS024-selective MC4R antagonist blocks NDP-MSH protective effect on cerebral  ischemia Giuliani et al . (2006) Giuliani et al . (2009) MC4R antagonist

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Yohann Mérot CNRS UMR 6026-Endocrinologie Moléculaire de la Reproduction, Université de Rennes 1, campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes cedex, France
CNRS UMR 6185- Université de Caen, INSERM-Avenir “tPA in the working brain” Centre Cycéron, BP 5229, 14074 Caen cedex, France

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François Ferrière CNRS UMR 6026-Endocrinologie Moléculaire de la Reproduction, Université de Rennes 1, campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes cedex, France
CNRS UMR 6185- Université de Caen, INSERM-Avenir “tPA in the working brain” Centre Cycéron, BP 5229, 14074 Caen cedex, France

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Edith Debroas CNRS UMR 6026-Endocrinologie Moléculaire de la Reproduction, Université de Rennes 1, campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes cedex, France
CNRS UMR 6185- Université de Caen, INSERM-Avenir “tPA in the working brain” Centre Cycéron, BP 5229, 14074 Caen cedex, France

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Gilles Flouriot CNRS UMR 6026-Endocrinologie Moléculaire de la Reproduction, Université de Rennes 1, campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes cedex, France
CNRS UMR 6185- Université de Caen, INSERM-Avenir “tPA in the working brain” Centre Cycéron, BP 5229, 14074 Caen cedex, France

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Dominique Duval CNRS UMR 6026-Endocrinologie Moléculaire de la Reproduction, Université de Rennes 1, campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes cedex, France
CNRS UMR 6185- Université de Caen, INSERM-Avenir “tPA in the working brain” Centre Cycéron, BP 5229, 14074 Caen cedex, France

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Christian Saligaut CNRS UMR 6026-Endocrinologie Moléculaire de la Reproduction, Université de Rennes 1, campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes cedex, France
CNRS UMR 6185- Université de Caen, INSERM-Avenir “tPA in the working brain” Centre Cycéron, BP 5229, 14074 Caen cedex, France

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protect control cells and cells expressing ERαCF from the oxidative shock (Fig. 4B ). Altogether, our data suggest that 17βE2 is neuroprotective and requires an ERα presenting the A/B domain. In addition, the ERα-dependent neuro-protection by 17βE2 was not

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Silvia Giatti Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

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Roberto Cosimo Melcangi Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

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Marzia Pesaresi Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

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P Marchand-Leroux C O’Malley BW Lydon JP 2012 Progesterone receptors: a key for neuroprotection in experimental stroke . Endocrinology 153 3747 – 3757 . ( doi:10.1210/en.2012-1138 ) Lorenz C Contardo-Jara V Trubiroha

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Jaume Folch Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Unitats de Bioquímica i Farmacologia, Departament de Biologia Cel.lular, División de Neurociencias, Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

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Ignacio Pedrós Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Unitats de Bioquímica i Farmacologia, Departament de Biologia Cel.lular, División de Neurociencias, Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

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Iván Patraca Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Unitats de Bioquímica i Farmacologia, Departament de Biologia Cel.lular, División de Neurociencias, Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

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Francesc Sureda Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Unitats de Bioquímica i Farmacologia, Departament de Biologia Cel.lular, División de Neurociencias, Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

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Fèlix Junyent Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Unitats de Bioquímica i Farmacologia, Departament de Biologia Cel.lular, División de Neurociencias, Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Unitats de Bioquímica i Farmacologia, Departament de Biologia Cel.lular, División de Neurociencias, Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

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Carlos Beas-Zarate Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Unitats de Bioquímica i Farmacologia, Departament de Biologia Cel.lular, División de Neurociencias, Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

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Ester Verdaguer Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Unitats de Bioquímica i Farmacologia, Departament de Biologia Cel.lular, División de Neurociencias, Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

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Mercè Pallàs Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Unitats de Bioquímica i Farmacologia, Departament de Biologia Cel.lular, División de Neurociencias, Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

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Carme Auladell Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Unitats de Bioquímica i Farmacologia, Departament de Biologia Cel.lular, División de Neurociencias, Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

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Antoni Camins Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Unitats de Bioquímica i Farmacologia, Departament de Biologia Cel.lular, División de Neurociencias, Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

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-induced increase of BDNF levels may be the main potential mechanism that mediates neuroprotection and gives support to the application of Lep as a neuroprotective drug in experimental PD models. Lep and epilepsy The interest in Lep as anti-epileptogenic therapy has

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Alessandro Peri Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, Center for Research, Transfer and High Education on Chronic, Inflammatory, Degenerative and Neoplastic Disorders for the Development of Novel Therapies (DENOThe), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy

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Mario Serio Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, Center for Research, Transfer and High Education on Chronic, Inflammatory, Degenerative and Neoplastic Disorders for the Development of Novel Therapies (DENOThe), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy

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, and die within a few hours ( Mirza et al . 2006 , 2008 ). Seladin-1 as a new effector of estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated neuroprotection There is well established in vitro evidence that estrogens exert neurotropic and neuroprotective effects by

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María Angeles Arevalo
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María Santos-Galindo
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Natalia Lagunas
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Iñigo Azcoitia Instituto Cajal, Departamento de Biología Celular, CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce 37, E-28002 Madrid, Spain

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Luis M Garcia-Segura
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schizophrenia ( Kulkarni et al . 2010 ). SERMs and neuroprotection: a summary of the findings We can conclude that the studies conducted so far to evaluate the neuroprotective activity of tamoxifen and raloxifene indicate that these SERMs decrease neuronal

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Susanne Arnold Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany

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Gilda Wright de Araújo Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany

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Cordian Beyer Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany

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CNS ( Pellerin et al . 2007 , Schousboe et al . 2007 ). They are implicated in the regulation of growth, cell proliferation, and neuroprotection in the brain ( Beyer 1999 , Beyer et al . 2003 , Garcia-Segura et al . 2003 , Kajta & Beyer 2003

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Silvia Giatti Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy

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Mariaserena Boraso Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy

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Roberto Cosimo Melcangi Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy

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Barbara Viviani Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy

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be inhibited, but at the same time the inflammatory pathways that lead to neuroprotection will not be preserved. A possible approach to control neuroinflammation could consist of the restoration of the feedback mechanisms that enable the brain to

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Sriram Gubbi Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
Department of Internal Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA

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Gabriela Farias Quipildor Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA

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Nir Barzilai Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA

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Derek M Huffman Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA

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Sofiya Milman Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA

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effects of both estrogen and IGF1, suggesting that the neuroprotective effect of estrogen may be mediated via IGF1 signaling. In summary, both central and peripheral administrations of IGF1 have resulted in neuroprotection in animal PD models. However

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Laura Calzà BioPharmaNet-DIMORFIPA, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
BioPharmaNet-DIMORFIPA, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy

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Mercedes Fernandez BioPharmaNet-DIMORFIPA, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy

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Luciana Giardino BioPharmaNet-DIMORFIPA, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
BioPharmaNet-DIMORFIPA, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy

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/or neuroprotection through endogenous stem and precursor cells are currently under active investigation, also in view of safety issues. This short review deals with the latter approach, focusing on multiple sclerosis (MS), i.e. the most diffuse demyelinating disease

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