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Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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and function ( Isgaard et al. 2015 , Colao et al. 2019 ). GH exerts its effects directly through its receptor (GHR) or through the induction of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) in the liver and other tissues, which then acts through its
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Introduction Insulin is an important peptide hormone produced by pancreatic β-cells ( Moore & Cooper 1991 , Sonoda et al . 2008 ). It promotes the uptake of glucose from the blood to skeletal muscles and fat tissue; therefore, it plays a
School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, The Centre of Experiment Teaching, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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. There are only reports showing that GW9508 potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in insulinoma cell lines such as MIN6 cells and INS-1E cells ( Briscoe et al . 2006 , Yang et al . 2010 ). And it was shown that GW9508 does not
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significantly contribute to diabetes mellitus. Diabetes is a metabolic syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance. It has been recognized as a risk factor for various malignancies, including breast, endometrial, colon, and
Laboratory of Pharmacology, Unit of Translational Endocrine Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, Instituto Butantan, Avenue Vital Brasil, 1500, CEP05503-900 Sao Paulo, Brazil
Laboratory of Pharmacology, Unit of Translational Endocrine Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, Instituto Butantan, Avenue Vital Brasil, 1500, CEP05503-900 Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Laboratory of Pharmacology, Unit of Translational Endocrine Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, Instituto Butantan, Avenue Vital Brasil, 1500, CEP05503-900 Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Introduction During the prandial period, insulin stimulates the translocation of an intracellular vesicle from low density microsomal (LDM) fraction to the plasma membrane (MF) of adipocytes ( Watson & Pessin 2001 , Zeyda & Stulnig 2009 , Jordens
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BeiJing School, Beijing, China
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HangZhou XueJun High School, Hangzhou, China
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Introduction Diabetes is a global health problem that is tightly associated with the dysfunction or loss of insulin-producing pancreatic islet β-cells. In this context, seeking the mechanisms underlying β-cell development and function serves a
Ghrelin Research Group, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre – Queensland, The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
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Ghrelin Research Group, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre – Queensland, The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
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Ghrelin Research Group, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre – Queensland, The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
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Ghrelin Research Group, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre – Queensland, The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
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Ghrelin Research Group, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre – Queensland, The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
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Ghrelin Research Group, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre – Queensland, The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
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Ghrelin Research Group, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre – Queensland, The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
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functions, including regulation of adipogenesis, insulin secretion and pancreatic homeostasis and cancer cell progression ( Zhang et al . 2005 , Seim et al . 2011 b ). Following cleavage of the signal peptide, the 94 amino acid proghrelin peptide is post
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expression of PPARγ in brown and WAT depots and chronic treatment with rosiglitazone has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and cold intolerance in these mice ( Jin et al . 2011 ). Further studies have found LCN2 regulates RA metabolism and action in
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Building 73, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Building 73, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Building 73, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Building 73, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Building 73, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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1 diabetes is thought to result from T-cell-mediated autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing β-cells and is believed to have a genetic component (reviewed in Concannon et al . (2009) ), although, recently, both these contentions have been
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inputs from food absorption and hepatic release can be either inhibited or increased by neural signals from the brain. Hepatic glucose production (HGP) is increased by glucagon during fasting and inhibited by insulin after food absorption. Insulin also