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Marina C Muñoz Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Verónica G Piazza Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Valeria Burghi Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Jorge F Giani Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Carolina S Martinez Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Nadia S Cicconi Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Nadia V Muia Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Yimin Fang Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA

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Sergio Lavandero Advanced Center of Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA

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Ana I Sotelo Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Andrzej Bartke Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA

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Patricia A Pennisi Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas ‘Dr. César Bergadá’ (CEDIE), CONICET – FEI – División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Fernando P Dominici Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Johanna G Miquet Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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and function ( Isgaard et al. 2015 , Colao et al. 2019 ). GH exerts its effects directly through its receptor (GHR) or through the induction of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) in the liver and other tissues, which then acts through its

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Xilin Yang Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

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Zezhang Tao Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

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Zhanyong Zhu Department of Plastic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

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Hua Liao Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

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Yueqiang Zhao Department of Plastic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

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Huajun Fan Department of Plastic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

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Introduction Insulin is an important peptide hormone produced by pancreatic β-cells ( Moore & Cooper 1991 , Sonoda et al . 2008 ). It promotes the uptake of glucose from the blood to skeletal muscles and fat tissue; therefore, it plays a

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Yu-Feng Zhao School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, The Centre of Experiment Teaching, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, The Centre of Experiment Teaching, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia

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Li Wang School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, The Centre of Experiment Teaching, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia

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Dingjun Zha School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, The Centre of Experiment Teaching, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia

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Li Qiao School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, The Centre of Experiment Teaching, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia

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Lianjun Lu School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, The Centre of Experiment Teaching, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia

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Jun Yu School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, The Centre of Experiment Teaching, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia

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Ping Qu School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, The Centre of Experiment Teaching, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia

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Qiang Sun School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, The Centre of Experiment Teaching, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia

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Jianhua Qiu School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, The Centre of Experiment Teaching, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia

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Chen Chen School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, The Centre of Experiment Teaching, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia

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. There are only reports showing that GW9508 potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in insulinoma cell lines such as MIN6 cells and INS-1E cells ( Briscoe et al . 2006 , Yang et al . 2010 ). And it was shown that GW9508 does not

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Chanchal Gupta Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab-160062, India

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Kulbhushan Tikoo Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab-160062, India

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significantly contribute to diabetes mellitus. Diabetes is a metabolic syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance. It has been recognized as a risk factor for various malignancies, including breast, endometrial, colon, and

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Rafaela Fadoni Alponti Laboratory of Pharmacology, Unit of Translational Endocrine Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, Instituto Butantan, Avenue Vital Brasil, 1500, CEP05503-900 Sao Paulo, Brazil
Laboratory of Pharmacology, Unit of Translational Endocrine Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, Instituto Butantan, Avenue Vital Brasil, 1500, CEP05503-900 Sao Paulo, Brazil
Laboratory of Pharmacology, Unit of Translational Endocrine Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, Instituto Butantan, Avenue Vital Brasil, 1500, CEP05503-900 Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Luciana Godoy Viana Laboratory of Pharmacology, Unit of Translational Endocrine Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, Instituto Butantan, Avenue Vital Brasil, 1500, CEP05503-900 Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Norma Yamanouye Laboratory of Pharmacology, Unit of Translational Endocrine Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, Instituto Butantan, Avenue Vital Brasil, 1500, CEP05503-900 Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Paulo Flavio Silveira Laboratory of Pharmacology, Unit of Translational Endocrine Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, Instituto Butantan, Avenue Vital Brasil, 1500, CEP05503-900 Sao Paulo, Brazil
Laboratory of Pharmacology, Unit of Translational Endocrine Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, Instituto Butantan, Avenue Vital Brasil, 1500, CEP05503-900 Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Introduction During the prandial period, insulin stimulates the translocation of an intracellular vesicle from low density microsomal (LDM) fraction to the plasma membrane (MF) of adipocytes ( Watson & Pessin 2001 , Zeyda & Stulnig 2009 , Jordens

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Jing Lu Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Cheng Cheng Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Zhen-Chao Cheng Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
BeiJing School, Beijing, China

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Qian Wu Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
HangZhou XueJun High School, Hangzhou, China

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Han Shen Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Ming-xia Yuan Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Bo Zhang Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China

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Jin-Kui Yang Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Introduction Diabetes is a global health problem that is tightly associated with the dysfunction or loss of insulin-producing pancreatic islet β-cells. In this context, seeking the mechanisms underlying β-cell development and function serves a

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Inge Seim Ghrelin Research Group, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre – Queensland, The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
Ghrelin Research Group, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre – Queensland, The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia

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Amy A Lubik Ghrelin Research Group, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre – Queensland, The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
Ghrelin Research Group, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre – Queensland, The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia

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Melanie L Lehman Ghrelin Research Group, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre – Queensland, The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
Ghrelin Research Group, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre – Queensland, The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia

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Nadine Tomlinson Ghrelin Research Group, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre – Queensland, The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia

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Eliza J Whiteside Ghrelin Research Group, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre – Queensland, The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
Ghrelin Research Group, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre – Queensland, The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia

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Adrian C Herington Ghrelin Research Group, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre – Queensland, The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
Ghrelin Research Group, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre – Queensland, The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia

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Colleen C Nelson Ghrelin Research Group, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre – Queensland, The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
Ghrelin Research Group, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre – Queensland, The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia

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Lisa K Chopin Ghrelin Research Group, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre – Queensland, The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
Ghrelin Research Group, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre – Queensland, The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia

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functions, including regulation of adipogenesis, insulin secretion and pancreatic homeostasis and cancer cell progression ( Zhang et al . 2005 , Seim et al . 2011 b ). Following cleavage of the signal peptide, the 94 amino acid proghrelin peptide is post

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Jessica A Deis Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA

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Hong Guo Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA

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Yingjie Wu Institute for Genomic Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China

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Chengyu Liu Transgenic Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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David A Bernlohr Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA

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Xiaoli Chen Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA

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expression of PPARγ in brown and WAT depots and chronic treatment with rosiglitazone has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and cold intolerance in these mice ( Jin et al . 2011 ). Further studies have found LCN2 regulates RA metabolism and action in

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Gemma Tan Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Building 73, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Building 73, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia

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Andrew G Elefanty Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Building 73, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Building 73, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Building 73, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia

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Edouard G Stanley Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Building 73, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Building 73, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Building 73, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia

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1 diabetes is thought to result from T-cell-mediated autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing β-cells and is believed to have a genetic component (reviewed in Concannon et al . (2009) ), although, recently, both these contentions have been

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Haihua Yang Division of Endocrinology, Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China

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Linghai Yang Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

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inputs from food absorption and hepatic release can be either inhibited or increased by neural signals from the brain. Hepatic glucose production (HGP) is increased by glucagon during fasting and inhibited by insulin after food absorption. Insulin also

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