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Christopher C Valley McArdle Laboratories for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1400 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA

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Natalia M Solodin McArdle Laboratories for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1400 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA

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Ginny L Powers McArdle Laboratories for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1400 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA

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Stephanie J Ellison McArdle Laboratories for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1400 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA

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Elaine T Alarid McArdle Laboratories for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1400 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA

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Introduction Estrogen receptor-α (ERα) is the predominant of two ERs, α and β, that mediate the actions of estrogen in the reproductive system. It functions as a transcriptional regulator, inducing cellular responses through the regulation of gene

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A M Tarrant
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S R Greytak
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G V Callard
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M E Hahn
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Introduction The estrogen receptor-related receptors (ERRs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors ( Giguere et al. 1988 ). Three ERR genes have been identified in mammals, ERRα (NR3B1), ERRβ (NR3B

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H Watanabe Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan and Core Research for Evolution Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Corporation
Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Louis Pasteur, Collége de France, 67404 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France

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E Takahashi Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan and Core Research for Evolution Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Corporation
Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Louis Pasteur, Collége de France, 67404 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France

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M Kobayashi Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan and Core Research for Evolution Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Corporation
Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Louis Pasteur, Collége de France, 67404 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France

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M Goto Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan and Core Research for Evolution Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Corporation
Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Louis Pasteur, Collége de France, 67404 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France

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A Krust Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan and Core Research for Evolution Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Corporation
Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Louis Pasteur, Collége de France, 67404 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France

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P Chambon Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan and Core Research for Evolution Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Corporation
Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Louis Pasteur, Collége de France, 67404 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France

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T Iguchi Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan and Core Research for Evolution Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Corporation
Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Louis Pasteur, Collége de France, 67404 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France

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. Thus, it remains unclear which processes are essential for the effects of estrogen in target tissues. In the level of gene expression, it is also not clear whether estrogen-response genes are directly regulated by estrogen receptor (ER) or not

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Rosalia C M Simmen Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Angela S Kelley Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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Estrogens are key mediators of endometrial homeostasis; hence, any dysregulation in their synthesis, metabolism, and/or activities irrefutably leads to a broad range of endometrial pathologies. Two major estrogen receptor proteins, estrogen

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María Angeles Arevalo
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María Santos-Galindo
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Natalia Lagunas
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Iñigo Azcoitia Instituto Cajal, Departamento de Biología Celular, CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce 37, E-28002 Madrid, Spain

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Luis M Garcia-Segura
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compounds ( Dowers et al . 2006 ). SERMs bind to estrogen receptors (ERs) and induce specific changes in their three-dimensional conformation ( Brzozowski et al . 1997 , Paige et al . 1999 ) allowing a tissue-selective recruitment of transcriptional

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C Roger INSERM U 670, 28 avenue de Valombrose, Faculté de Médecine, 06102 Nice Cedex 2, France
UPRES EA 2608-USC INRA, Université-IBFA, Caen 14032, France

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S Lambard INSERM U 670, 28 avenue de Valombrose, Faculté de Médecine, 06102 Nice Cedex 2, France
UPRES EA 2608-USC INRA, Université-IBFA, Caen 14032, France

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A Bouskine INSERM U 670, 28 avenue de Valombrose, Faculté de Médecine, 06102 Nice Cedex 2, France
UPRES EA 2608-USC INRA, Université-IBFA, Caen 14032, France

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B Mograbi INSERM U 670, 28 avenue de Valombrose, Faculté de Médecine, 06102 Nice Cedex 2, France
UPRES EA 2608-USC INRA, Université-IBFA, Caen 14032, France

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D Chevallier INSERM U 670, 28 avenue de Valombrose, Faculté de Médecine, 06102 Nice Cedex 2, France
UPRES EA 2608-USC INRA, Université-IBFA, Caen 14032, France

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M Nebout INSERM U 670, 28 avenue de Valombrose, Faculté de Médecine, 06102 Nice Cedex 2, France
UPRES EA 2608-USC INRA, Université-IBFA, Caen 14032, France

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G Pointis INSERM U 670, 28 avenue de Valombrose, Faculté de Médecine, 06102 Nice Cedex 2, France
UPRES EA 2608-USC INRA, Université-IBFA, Caen 14032, France

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S Carreau INSERM U 670, 28 avenue de Valombrose, Faculté de Médecine, 06102 Nice Cedex 2, France
UPRES EA 2608-USC INRA, Université-IBFA, Caen 14032, France

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P Fenichel INSERM U 670, 28 avenue de Valombrose, Faculté de Médecine, 06102 Nice Cedex 2, France
UPRES EA 2608-USC INRA, Université-IBFA, Caen 14032, France

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Introduction Estrogens are important regulators of cell proliferation in many reproductive and extra-reproductive tissues in both sexes. This control is cell-specific, depending on the expression of two related estrogen receptors

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B Horard
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A Castet
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P-L Bardet
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V Laudet
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V Cavailles
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J-M Vanacker
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-response element (ERE) contains two core elements in a head-to-head orientation spaced by three nucleotides, and it binds the estrogen receptors (ER) α and β as homodimers ( Kumar & Chambon 1988 , Tsai et al. 1988 ) or as α/β heterodimers ( Cowley et al. 1997

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Saad El Marzouk Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology and Biochemistry,, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology,, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 524 Burrill Hall, 407 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA Department of Cell Biology,, The Scripps Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology and Biochemistry,, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology,, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 524 Burrill Hall, 407 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA Department of Cell Biology,, The Scripps Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA

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Jennifer R Schultz-Norton Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology and Biochemistry,, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology,, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 524 Burrill Hall, 407 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA Department of Cell Biology,, The Scripps Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA

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Varsha S Likhite Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology and Biochemistry,, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology,, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 524 Burrill Hall, 407 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA Department of Cell Biology,, The Scripps Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology and Biochemistry,, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology,, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 524 Burrill Hall, 407 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA Department of Cell Biology,, The Scripps Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA

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Ian X McLeod Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology and Biochemistry,, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology,, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 524 Burrill Hall, 407 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA Department of Cell Biology,, The Scripps Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA

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John R Yates Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology and Biochemistry,, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology,, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 524 Burrill Hall, 407 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA Department of Cell Biology,, The Scripps Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA

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Ann M Nardulli Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology and Biochemistry,, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology,, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 524 Burrill Hall, 407 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA Department of Cell Biology,, The Scripps Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA

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hormone dependent and provides a link between various cues received by receptors on the cell surface and the activity of receptors in the nucleus. Our laboratory has been interested in identifying proteins that influence estrogen-responsive gene expression

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Seung Chul Kim Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea

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Mee-Na Park Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Republic of Korea

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Young Joo Lee Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea

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Jong Kil Joo Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea

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Beum-Soo An Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Republic of Korea

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placenta are associated with complications such as preeclampsia and preterm delivery ( Albrecht & Pepe 2010 ). Estrogen acts by binding to its receptor, estrogen receptor (ER). ER exists in two main forms, ERα (ESR1) and ERβ (ESR2), which have distinct

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Kyounghyun Kim Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 4466 TAMU, Veterinary Research Building 410, College Station, Texas 77843-4466, USA
Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 4466 TAMU, Veterinary Research Building 410, College Station, Texas 77843-4466, USA

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Robert Burghardt Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 4466 TAMU, Veterinary Research Building 410, College Station, Texas 77843-4466, USA

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Rola Barhoumi Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 4466 TAMU, Veterinary Research Building 410, College Station, Texas 77843-4466, USA

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Syng-ook Lee Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 4466 TAMU, Veterinary Research Building 410, College Station, Texas 77843-4466, USA

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Xinyi Liu Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 4466 TAMU, Veterinary Research Building 410, College Station, Texas 77843-4466, USA

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Stephen Safe Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 4466 TAMU, Veterinary Research Building 410, College Station, Texas 77843-4466, USA
Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 4466 TAMU, Veterinary Research Building 410, College Station, Texas 77843-4466, USA

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gliomas predicts poor survival ( Korkolopoulou et al . 1997 , Rainov et al . 1997 , Schiebe et al . 2000 ), whereas overexpression through gene amplification in breast cancer is observed only in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive tumors for which there

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