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-MAPK cascade activation ( Copps & White 2012 ). In addition, the serine/threonine phosphorylation and the posttranslational modifications of lysine residues in IRS also play major roles for fine-tuning the insulin-like signaling. mTORC1 or S6 kinase
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serine/threonine kinases (ARAF, BRAF and CRAF) that activate the MEK (MAP2K1/MAP2K2)–ERK (MAPK3/MAPK1) kinase cascade. ERK, in turn, stimulates gene transcription by directly phosphorylating transcription factors or by targeting intracellular kinases like
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a constitutively phosphorylated threonine residue by substituting the serine for glutamic acid ( Morrison et al. 1993 ), was created with a mutagenic primer of the sequence 5′-TTT CAG CTG GGC CCC CCT GA A CCT GTG AAG ATG CCC. Negatively charged
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-positive breast tumors than from other more malignant breast cancer subtypes ( Molina et al. 2017 ). In fact, mTOR is an atypical serine/threonine-protein kinase that belongs to the PI3K-related kinase family and interacts with several proteins to form two
Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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pathology, marked by overgrowth, is underpinned by an over activation of the mTOR pathway. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a serine/threonine protein kinases that was originally found to play a role in the storage of
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), which recruits downstream molecules with pleckstrin homology domains particularly the serine–threonine kinases Akt (also known as protein kinase B) and phosphatidylinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) to the membrane. Phosphatase and tensin homolog ten
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, Wullschleger et al . 2006 ). mTOR is an atypical serine/threonine kinase, acting to couple signaling between nutrients and growth factors such as insulin. mTOR forms two complexes in the placenta: mTORC1 and mTORC2 ( Wullschleger et al . 2006 ). mTORC1 is the
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Departments of Biochemistry, Medicine and Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Montreal, Canada
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leads to the rapid degradation of ERRα and concurrent decline in mitochondrial function and energy production. AMPK Another effector of mitochondrial functions is AMPK, a serine/threonine kinase. AMPK is a crucial sensor of the energy status of
