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Ana Luísa Neves Departments of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro; 4200-319 Porto, Portugal

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João Coelho Departments of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro; 4200-319 Porto, Portugal

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Luciana Couto Departments of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro; 4200-319 Porto, Portugal

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Adelino Leite-Moreira Departments of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro; 4200-319 Porto, Portugal

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Roberto Roncon-Albuquerque Jr Departments of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro; 4200-319 Porto, Portugal

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eating habits promote an exponential increase in obesity, which is associated with an array of metabolic complications (dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)) that foster a significant risk for CV disease ( Poirier & Eckel

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Agatha de Assis-Ferreira Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

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Roberta Saldanha-Gama Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

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Natália Mesquita de Brito Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

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Mariana Renovato-Martins Laboratory of Inflammation and Metabolism, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brasil

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Rafael Loureiro Simões Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

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Christina Barja-Fidalgo Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

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Simone Vargas da Silva Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

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Introduction The prevalence of obesity and associated metabolic disorders has risen dramatically worldwide, resulting from chronic nutrient overload and sedentary behaviour ( Adams et al. 2006 ). Upon excess caloric intake, lipid deposition

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Yousheng Xu Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China

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Yongshun Wang Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China

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Jingjin Liu Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China

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Wei Cao Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China

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Lili Li Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China

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Hongwei Du Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China

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Enbo Zhan Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China

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Ruoxi Zhang Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China

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Huimin Liu Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China

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Maoen Xu Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China

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Tao Chen Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China

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Yilin Qu Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China

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Bo Yu Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China

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Introduction The prevalence of overweight and obesity in the world has risen dramatically. Obesity is associated with significant metabolic disorders and may trigger severe cardiovascular diseases ( Piche et al. 2018 ). Among them

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Evan R Simpson Metabolism and Cancer Laboratory, Physiology, Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia Departments of
Metabolism and Cancer Laboratory, Physiology, Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia Departments of

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Kristy A Brown Metabolism and Cancer Laboratory, Physiology, Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia Departments of
Metabolism and Cancer Laboratory, Physiology, Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia Departments of

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Introduction Obesity is now recognised to be a low-grade inflammatory condition in which dysregulated metabolism plays an integral role. In this review, we will describe how inflammatory mediators regulate aromatase expression in the human breast as

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J Bian Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, 467 Zhongshan Road, Shahekou District, Dalian 116027, China

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X M Bai Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, 467 Zhongshan Road, Shahekou District, Dalian 116027, China

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Y L Zhao Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, 467 Zhongshan Road, Shahekou District, Dalian 116027, China

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L Zhang Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, 467 Zhongshan Road, Shahekou District, Dalian 116027, China

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Z J Liu Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, 467 Zhongshan Road, Shahekou District, Dalian 116027, China

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Introduction Obesity has become one of the most important health problems in the world. Except for some rare types of monogenic defects ( Farooqi & O'Rahilly 2006 ), obesity occurs due to the complex combination of multiple environmental and genetic

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Rocío del M Saavedra-Peña Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

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Natalia Taylor Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

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Matthew S Rodeheffer Comparative Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
Yale Center for Molecular and Systems Metabolism, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

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Introduction Obesity is defined as the excessive accumulation of WAT. The role of sex hormones in obesity and disease has been recognized for decades ( Seidell et al. 1990 , Marin & Arver 1998 , Jones et al. 2000 , Cooke & Naaz 2004

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Lingxia Pang Department of Children Health Care, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Lianghui You Department of Children Health Care, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Chenbo Ji Department of Children Health Care, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Chunmei Shi Department of Children Health Care, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Ling Chen Department of Children Health Care, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Lei Yang Department of Children Health Care, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Fangyan Huang Department of Children Health Care, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Yahui Zhou Department of Children Health Care, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Jun Zhang Department of Children Health Care, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Xiaohui Chen Department of Children Health Care, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Xirong Guo Department of Children Health Care, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Introduction A chronic imbalance between nutrient intake and energy expenditure leads to obesity, which is a major risk factor for a number of metabolic and vascular dysfunctions that include type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease

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Yunxia Zhang Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China

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Jin Li Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China

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Hui-hui Wang Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China

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Jiao Li Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China

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Yue Yu Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China

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Bo Li Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China

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Li Huang Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China

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Changjing Wu Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China

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Xiaomeng Liu Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China
College of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China

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Introduction The rising pandemic of overweight and obesity has received major attention worldwide. Obesity is a major cause for the development of debilitating conditions such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and non

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Yingkai Sun Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, China National Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China

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Rui Wang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, China National Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China

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Shaoqian Zhao Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, China National Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China

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Wen Li Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, China National Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China

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Wen Liu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, China National Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China

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Lingyun Tang State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China

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Zhugang Wang State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China

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Weiqing Wang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, China National Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China

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Ruixin Liu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, China National Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China

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Guang Ning Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, China National Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China

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Jiqiu Wang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, China National Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China

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Jie Hong Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, China National Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China

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Introduction Obesity is becoming one of the major concerns of modern society for its increasingly economic burden and various associated metabolic disorders. Although the medical research has been achieved a great development in recent decades

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Xinwang Chen
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Xiao Jia
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Jie Qiao Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China

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Youfei Guan
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Jihong Kang
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, hyperandrogenemia, polycystic ovaries, and infertility ( Goodarzi et al . 2011 ). In most cases, PCOS also involves metabolic alterations such as insulin resistance (IR), hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, and obesity. Additionally, we have recently revealed altered

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