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Ana Luísa Neves Departments of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro; 4200-319 Porto, Portugal

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João Coelho Departments of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro; 4200-319 Porto, Portugal

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Luciana Couto Departments of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro; 4200-319 Porto, Portugal

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Adelino Leite-Moreira Departments of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro; 4200-319 Porto, Portugal

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Roberto Roncon-Albuquerque Jr Departments of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro; 4200-319 Porto, Portugal

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concentrations, a threshold named ‘metabolic endotoxemia’ (ME; Cani et al . 2007 a ). ME may trigger toll-like receptor (TLR) 4-mediated inflammatory activation, eliciting a chronic low-grade proinflammatory and pro-oxidative stress status associated with

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Isabel Castro Division of Endocrinology, Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Unidade de Enfermedades Metabólicas e Tiroideas (UETeM), Department of Internal Medicine

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Leah Quisenberry Division of Endocrinology, Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Unidade de Enfermedades Metabólicas e Tiroideas (UETeM), Department of Internal Medicine

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Rosa-Maria Calvo Division of Endocrinology, Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Unidade de Enfermedades Metabólicas e Tiroideas (UETeM), Department of Internal Medicine

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Maria-Jesus Obregon Division of Endocrinology, Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Unidade de Enfermedades Metabólicas e Tiroideas (UETeM), Department of Internal Medicine

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Joaquin Lado-Abeal Division of Endocrinology, Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Unidade de Enfermedades Metabólicas e Tiroideas (UETeM), Department of Internal Medicine
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Unidade de Enfermedades Metabólicas e Tiroideas (UETeM), Department of Internal Medicine
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Unidade de Enfermedades Metabólicas e Tiroideas (UETeM), Department of Internal Medicine

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well as on the activity of DIO enzymes at a multi-tissue level, and iii) NF-kB nuclear binding activity and its correlation with the tissue-specific decrease in THRB gene expression observed during endotoxemia. Materials and methods Animals The study

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Shaoqian Zhao Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, China National Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Wen Liu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, China National Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Jiqiu Wang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, China National Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Juan Shi Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, China National Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Yingkai Sun Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, China National Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Weiqing Wang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, China National Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Guang Ning Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, China National Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China

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Ruixin Liu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, China National Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Jie Hong Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, China National Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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richness in the microbiome ( Le Chatelier et al . 2013 ). Many studies demonstrated that gut microbiota maintain energy homeostasis by affecting gut barrier, which is important for metabolic endotoxemia and metabolic disorders ( Cani et al . 2009 ). These

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Te-Yueh Lin Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA

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Hong Guo Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA

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Xiaoli Chen Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA

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. Excessive body fat accumulation and accompanied chronic inflammation in adipose tissue are the main characteristics of obesity. Obesity and aging share many common biological and metabolic alterations, including metabolic endotoxemia ( Pérez et al. 2016

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Jinghua Peng Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Ling He Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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. Endotoxemia-mediated P300 induction through the activation of the IRE1-XBP1s pathway A high-fat, western-style diet is an important predisposing factor for the onset of diabetes and obesity. HFD feeding results in changes in gut microbiota that initiate

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Xinxin Xiang Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Pathology, Division of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Peking University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Pathology, Division of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Peking University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China

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Wenjiao An Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Pathology, Division of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Peking University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China

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Changtao Jiang Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Pathology, Division of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Peking University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China

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Jing Zhao Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Pathology, Division of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Peking University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China

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Xian Wang Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Pathology, Division of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Peking University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China

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Guang Sun Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Pathology, Division of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Peking University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China

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Yin Li Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Pathology, Division of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Peking University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China

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Weizhen Zhang Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Pathology, Division of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Peking University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Pathology, Division of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Peking University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China

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of LPS had no effect on insulin sensitivity. Our data suggest that low dose of LPS may improve the glucose tolerance. Consistent with our study, van der Crabben et al . (2009) showed that early endotoxemia increases peripheral and hepatic insulin

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Hseng-Kuang Hsu Department of Physiology, Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
School of Nursing, Mei-Ho Institute of Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan

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Pei-Lin Shao Department of Physiology, Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
School of Nursing, Mei-Ho Institute of Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan

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Ke-Li Tsai Department of Physiology, Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
School of Nursing, Mei-Ho Institute of Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan

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Huei-Chuan Shih Department of Physiology, Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
School of Nursing, Mei-Ho Institute of Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan

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Tzu-Ying Lee Department of Physiology, Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
School of Nursing, Mei-Ho Institute of Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan

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Chin Hsu Department of Physiology, Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
School of Nursing, Mei-Ho Institute of Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan

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Interactions between CBP, NF-kappaB, and CREB in the lungs after hemorrhage and endotoxemia. American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 281 L418 –L426. Sheppard KA , Rose DW, Haque ZK, Kurokawa R

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Sangappa B Chadchan Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
Center for Reproductive Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA

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Vertika Singh Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA

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Ramakrishna Kommagani Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
Center for Reproductive Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA

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, PCOS patients showed alterations in some, but not all, markers of gut barrier function and endotoxemia ( Lindheim et al. 2017 ). Finally, Qi et al. examined 43 healthy controls ( n  = 43) and 50 PCOS patients ( n  = 50) and found that Bacteroides

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Ping Jiang Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510089, People's Republic of China

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Jinwen Xu Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510089, People's Republic of China

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Shuhui Zheng Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510089, People's Republic of China

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Jinghe Huang Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510089, People's Republic of China

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Qiuling Xiang Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510089, People's Republic of China

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Xiaodong Fu Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510089, People's Republic of China

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Tinghuai Wang Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510089, People's Republic of China

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of endotoxemia with carotid atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease: prospective results from the Bruneck Study . Journal of the American College of Cardiology 34 1975 – 1981 . Wu J Gong J Geng J Song Y 2008 Deoxycholic acid

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Daiana Araujo Santana-Oliveira Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Aline Fernandes-da-Silva Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Carolline Santos Miranda Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Fabiane Ferreira Martins Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Carlos Alberto Mandarim-de-Lacerda Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Vanessa Souza-Mello Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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. This drug combination has previously been shown to counter endotoxemia by rescuing the gut ultrastructure and mitigating hepatic steatosis via reduced TLR4 expression in the liver of high-fructose-fed mice ( Silva-Veiga et al. 2020 ). Previous

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