Introduction Autophagy, self-eating, or self-cannabalism is a genetically programmed and evolutionarily conserved intracellular catabolic pathway. The word ‘autophagy’ derives from the Greek ‘auto’, meaning oneself, and ‘phagy’, to eat ( Levine
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Andrea Weckman, Antonio Di Ieva, Fabio Rotondo, Luis V Syro, Leon D Ortiz, Kalman Kovacs, and Michael D Cusimano
Lichun Zhou, Baohua Ma, and Xiuzhen Han
(ROCK) via G12/13 protein and (d) activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) via the JAK/STAT pathway ( Balakumar & Jagadeesh 2010 ). Autophagy is characterized by an evolutionarily conserved process for the lysosome-dependent degradation of
Lei Yang, Hongzheng Meng, and Maowei Yang
, Weinberg et al. 2014 , Tanaka et al. 2015 ). Autophagy closely interacts with apoptosis ( Maiuri et al. 2007 ). Autophagy plays a housekeeping role in eliminating old organelles, misfolded proteins, and damaged molecules; it also plays a role in
Vaishnavi Venugopalan, Maren Rehders, Jonas Weber, Lisa Rodermund, Alaa Al-Hashimi, Tonia Bargmann, Janine Golchert, Vivien Reinecke, Georg Homuth, Uwe Völker, Francois Verrey, Janine Kirstein, Heike Heuer, Ulrich Schweizer, Doreen Braun, Eva K Wirth, and Klaudia Brix
et al. 2021 a ). The data showed that despite impaired TH export, male mice lacking Mct8 ( Mct8 −/y ) display persistent cathepsin-mediated Tg proteolysis due to enhanced lysosomal biogenesis, which is triggered by autophagy induction ( Venugopalan
Qin He, Dan Mei, Sha Sha, Shanshan Fan, Lin Wang, and Ming Dong
mechanisms that underlie the improvement of hepatic steatosis by BBR are poorly delineated. Autophagy is a cellular process otherwise known as programmed cell death type 2, which may lead to a form of non-apoptotic cell death ( Park et al. 2007 , Pyo et
Katarzyna Zielniok, Agnieszka Sobolewska, and Małgorzata Gajewska
& Akers 1999 ). Studies have shown that during dry period bovine MECs show signs of autophagy manifested by a high number of autophagic vacuoles observed and increased expression of autophagic protein beclin1 ( Zarzyńska et al . 2007 ). Autophagy, which
Björn Hansson, Sebastian Wasserstrom, Björn Morén, Vipul Periwal, Petter Vikman, Samuel W Cushman, Olga Göransson, Petter Storm, and Karin G Stenkula
switching to a HFD ( Li et al . 2016 ). In another study, short-term (15 days) overfeeding was associated with increased autophagy ( Nunez et al . 2013 ), a process tightly linked to organelle recycling and lipid metabolism. These data are in line with
Yingying Zhu, Weiwei Liu, Shuaigao Chen, Fanxing Xu, Luxin Zhang, Toshihiko Hayashi, Kazunori Mizuno, Shunji Hattori, Hitomi Fujisaki, and Takashi Ikejima
et al. 2018 ). Autophagy is a cellular process characterized by the self-degradation of damaged proteins and dysfunctional organelles, playing an important role in cellular energy homeostasis ( Lee et al. 2019 ). Autophagy is involved in the
Bo Zhou, Huixia Li, Jiali Liu, Lin Xu, Qinyue Guo, Hongzhi Sun, and Shufang Wu
-sensitive counterparts ( Youn et al . 2009 ), suggesting that progranulin can be a key adipokine to mediate insulin sensitivity and energy metabolism. Although the role of progranulin in adipose tissue in obesity is not fully understood, its link with autophagy in other
Penny Ahlstrom, Esther Rai, Suharto Chakma, Hee Ho Cho, Palanivel Rengasamy, and Gary Sweeney
skeletal muscle and that increased autophagy contributed to insulin-sensitizing anti-diabetic effects ( Liu et al. 2015 , Xu & Sweeney 2015 ). Others have now also shown that boosting autophagy via a variety of approaches can enhance insulin sensitivity
