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Introduction The transcriptome is defined as all the RNAs in a cell at a given time and researchers have for a long time been interested in its composition. It has been reported that as many as 90% of eukaryotic genes can undergo alternative

Introduction The emergence of non-protein-coding RNA (ncRNA) as an important regulatory molecule within the cell ( Mattick & Makunin 2006 , Prasanth & Spector 2007 ) forces a reconsideration of the role of RNA in a number of cellular processes

, histones and their modifications and the proteins that are recruited by histone modifications. The epigenome also comprises soluble factors, such as regulatory RNAs ( Mercer & Mattick 2013 ) that can determine or influence the action of other epigenetic

). The CFIm complex binds to U-rich/UGUA upstream elements (USEs) and also mediates the cleavage reaction. Finally, the recruited CFIIm complex aids termination of the RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription and PAPs catalyze the addition of untemplated

RNAs for degradation. Although these methods worked satisfactorily in some simple experimental models, they have generally not delivered effective gene silencing in complex mammalian systems. However, in the past 2 years, extraordinary developments in

their gene products – proteins. However, recent studies reveal that another class of genes, whose products are long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) with sizes >200 nt, may also play an important role in tumor suppression ( Gibb et al . 2011 ). One such lncRNA

Introduction Advances in high-throughput sequencing techniques have revealed eukaryotic genomes to be extensively transcribed, generating an array of novel non-protein-coding RNA classes that greatly outnumber protein-coding mRNAs ( Carninci et al

comprises noncoding RNAs, that in addition to the well-known noncoding RNAs of ribosomal RNAs and miRNAs, also comprise long-noncoding RNAs (>200 nucleotides). Future studies are likely to clarify the transforming potential of long noncoding RNAs as well as

-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to be involved in transcriptional regulation in multiple diseases ( Hon et al. 2017 ). For instance, lncRNAs are abnormally expressed in early diabetic retinopathy and are associated with the pathogenesis of diabetic

interfering RNA (siRNA) directed against Gata4 in order to achieve dose- and/or time-dependent suppression of Gata4 expression. In vivo RNA interference (RNAi) has recently been established, but the general experience with such mouse models is still