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. 2016 ). Steroid receptor signaling pathways have often been studied in isolation; however, it is becoming increasingly clear that these pathways are intertwined. The ability of some steroid hormones, such as progestins, to activate multiple steroid
The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, CIIT Centers for Health Research, Division of Computational Biology, 6 Davis Drive, PO Box 12137, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2137, USA
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The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, CIIT Centers for Health Research, Division of Computational Biology, 6 Davis Drive, PO Box 12137, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2137, USA
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The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, CIIT Centers for Health Research, Division of Computational Biology, 6 Davis Drive, PO Box 12137, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2137, USA
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The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, CIIT Centers for Health Research, Division of Computational Biology, 6 Davis Drive, PO Box 12137, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2137, USA
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Introduction Steroid hormone receptors (SHRs) comprise a superfamily of transcription factors that are activated by steroid hormones to regulate specific gene expression. They play critical roles in a variety of physiological
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German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
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involved in thyroid and steroid hormone as well as drug metabolism. The liver is the primary organ expressing genes coding for DME including Phase I and Phase II enzymes as well as Phase III (efflux) transporters, thereby representing a defense system that
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, Arnold 2005 , Pawlak et al . 2005 , Garcia-Segura & Melcangi 2006 , Leonelli et al . 2007 ). Astrocyte mitochondria represent an interesting intracellular target organelle for steroid hormones, since they provide ample of services to neural cells
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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( Pi et al. 2003 ). In the liver, the expression of the PRL-R gene is known to be regulated by sex steroid hormones; up-regulation by oestrogen and down-regulation by testosterone ( Jolicoeur et al. 1989 , Sakaguchi et al. 1994 ). However, the
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2001 ), but the frequency of various monopotential versus bi- or multipotential cells in RC populations remains unknown. The steroid hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ) has diverse effects on many cell lineages, including
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The fields of vitamins and steroid hormones emerged in parallel in the early parts of the 20th century. Scientists in both fields were initially interested in the purification of natural compounds present, respectively, in food stuff and extracts
Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
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Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
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elsewhere ( Geyer et al . 2017 ). Another twist comes from recent evidence that sulfated steroids can still be substrates for steroidogenic enzymes, suggesting they may act as hormonal precursors for a wide range of steroids. We have previously provided a
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Glucocorticoid and androgen receptors have been shown to function through the same palindromic glucocorticoid response element (GRE) and yet have differential effects on gene transcription. In this study, we examined the functional and structural relationship of the androgen and glucocorticoid receptors with the androgen responsive region (ARR) of the probasin (PB) gene containing two androgen receptor binding sites, ARBS-1 and ARBS-2. Transfection studies indicated that one copy of each cis-acting DNA element was essential for maximal androgen-induced chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) activity and that androgen selectivity was maintained when multiple copies of the minimal wild type (wt) androgen responsive region containing both ARBS-1 and ARBS-2 (-244 to -96) were subcloned in front of the thymidine kinase promoter. Furthermore, replacing the androgen response region with 1, 2 or 3 copies of either ARBS-1 or ARBS-2 restored less than 4% of the biological activity seen with the wt PB ARR. Multiple copies of either ARBS-1 or ARBS-2 did not result in glucocorticoid-induced CAT gene activity. By comparison, 1 or 2 copies of the tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) GRE, as well as the mouse mammary tumour virus GRE, were strong inducers of CAT activity in response to both androgen and glucocorticoid treatment. In addition, band shift assays demonstrated that although the synthetic glucocorticoid receptor, GR-DNA binding domain (GR-DBD), and the synthetic androgen receptor, AR2, could interact with the TAT GRE (dissociation constants Kd of 63.9 and 14.1 respectively), only AR2 but not GR-DBD binding could be detected on ARBS-1 and ARBS-2. Our findings provide further evidence that androgen-induced regulation of gene transcription can occur through androgen-specific DNA binding sites that are distinct from the common GRE.
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Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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other research groups have actively developed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography (GC)-MS/MS methods to analyze multiple unconjugated and/or conjugated steroid hormones simultaneously in body fluids and
