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, Tickle et al. 1982 ), suggesting that RA may be important for limb development. A major breakthrough in how RA controls development occurred upon discovery of nuclear RA receptors (RARs), which use RA as a ligand to control transcription of key genes
Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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history of vitamin A and of the unanticipated discovery that its receptor would be a member of the nuclear receptor family now referred to as the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) ( Giguère et al. 1987 ). A companion article in this commemorative issue
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and chemical libraries. The results of our DNA-binding domain swap between the receptors which became known as the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and the ER resolved the transcriptional activity question spectacularly well. They clearly demonstrated
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Introduction The retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs) are the earliest and most intensely studied nuclear receptors (NRs) for their three-dimensional (3D) structures. Both receptor groups bind to retinoic acids (RAs
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brown-like morphology of WAT adipocytes ( Alvarez et al . 1995 , Kumar et al . 1999 , Mercader et al . 2006 ). RA is known to exert its effect on thermogenesis through binding and nuclear translocation of the retinoic acid receptor-alpha (RAR
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one-third of zebrafish NR articles deals with the NR1 family of receptors (241), with RAR (63) and PPAR (50) being the most popular subjects to study. No publications were listed on NOR1 and EAR-2 in zebrafish. In this review, research will be
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metabolite of preformed vitamin A, exerts its function by binding to nuclear receptors (RXR and RAR) and forming complexes with specific sequences on promoter regions of target genes called retinoic acid response elements ( Mark et al . 2006 ). Therefore
Service de Biochimie de l’Hôpital Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Place Amélie Raba Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France
Service d’Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Maladies Métaboliques de l’Hôpital Haut-Levêque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Avenue Magellan, 33600 Pessac, France
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Service de Biochimie de l’Hôpital Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Place Amélie Raba Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France
Service d’Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Maladies Métaboliques de l’Hôpital Haut-Levêque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Avenue Magellan, 33600 Pessac, France
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Service de Biochimie de l’Hôpital Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Place Amélie Raba Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France
Service d’Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Maladies Métaboliques de l’Hôpital Haut-Levêque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Avenue Magellan, 33600 Pessac, France
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Service de Biochimie de l’Hôpital Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Place Amélie Raba Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France
Service d’Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Maladies Métaboliques de l’Hôpital Haut-Levêque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Avenue Magellan, 33600 Pessac, France
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Service de Biochimie de l’Hôpital Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Place Amélie Raba Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France
Service d’Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Maladies Métaboliques de l’Hôpital Haut-Levêque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Avenue Magellan, 33600 Pessac, France
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Service de Biochimie de l’Hôpital Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Place Amélie Raba Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France
Service d’Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Maladies Métaboliques de l’Hôpital Haut-Levêque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Avenue Magellan, 33600 Pessac, France
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Service de Biochimie de l’Hôpital Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Place Amélie Raba Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France
Service d’Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Maladies Métaboliques de l’Hôpital Haut-Levêque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Avenue Magellan, 33600 Pessac, France
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Service de Biochimie de l’Hôpital Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Place Amélie Raba Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France
Service d’Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Maladies Métaboliques de l’Hôpital Haut-Levêque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Avenue Magellan, 33600 Pessac, France
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, reviewed by Bastien & Rochette-Egly 2004 ). It has been shown that RXR forms heterodimers with either RAR or TR in order to regulate gene transcription by interacting with distinct sequences in the promoter of target genes. The fact that RXR is the
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Dipartimento di Patologia Generale, Dipartimento di Patologia e Microbiologia Sperimentale, University of Southern Denmark, Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, Department of Cancer Biology, Università degli Studi di Milano, CNR-IGB, Seconda Università di Napoli, 80138 Napoli, Italy
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Dipartimento di Patologia Generale, Dipartimento di Patologia e Microbiologia Sperimentale, University of Southern Denmark, Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, Department of Cancer Biology, Università degli Studi di Milano, CNR-IGB, Seconda Università di Napoli, 80138 Napoli, Italy
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Dipartimento di Patologia Generale, Dipartimento di Patologia e Microbiologia Sperimentale, University of Southern Denmark, Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, Department of Cancer Biology, Università degli Studi di Milano, CNR-IGB, Seconda Università di Napoli, 80138 Napoli, Italy
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effects of class II HDACs in two different NR-dependent differentiation systems, we show that the class II-specific inhibitor MC1568 interferes with the transcriptional signaling of RARs as well as PPARγ. That we are able to interfere with retinoic acid
University of Kuopio and Kuopio University Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, PO BOX 1777, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QH, UK
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University of Kuopio and Kuopio University Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, PO BOX 1777, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QH, UK
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University of Kuopio and Kuopio University Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, PO BOX 1777, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QH, UK
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University of Kuopio and Kuopio University Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, PO BOX 1777, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QH, UK
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University of Kuopio and Kuopio University Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, PO BOX 1777, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QH, UK
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University of Kuopio and Kuopio University Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, PO BOX 1777, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QH, UK
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control of transfection efficiency. For studies using the mammalian two-hybrid system, the pM-LBD and the pVP16-rAR-(5–538) were generous gifts from Dr Jorma Palvimo ( Ikonen et al. 1997 ; Moilanen et al. 1997 ). The pM-LBD expresses a Gal4