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Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Lazio, Italy
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Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
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Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
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-002 metabolises endogenous glucocorticoids, including cortisol and cortisone, to their 5β-reduced metabolites, 5β-dihydrocortisol and 5β-dihydrocortisone, respectively. The 5β-reduced metabolites are then converted, in a non-rate limiting step, to their inactive
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thought to promote the delivery of cortisol to sites of inflammation ( Hammond et al . 1990 , Lin et al . 2009 ). A metalloprotease (LasB), secreted by the pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, may also contribute to the localized release of cortisol from
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employed for the measurement of DHEA and androstenedione and carried out in positive mode, whereas DHEAS measurement was performed in negative mode. DHEA, androstenedione, cortisol, and cortisone were extracted from 150 μl serum via liquid–liquid extraction
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the use of ACT during pregnancy. Endogenous glucocorticoids and fetal maturation The adrenal gland is the site of synthesis and release of corticosteroid hormones: mineralocorticoids and the glucocorticoids, cortisol and corticosterone
Institute of Endocrinology, Life Science Institute, Physiology, Preventive Medicine, Internal Medicine, Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, Diabetes and Metabolism, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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Institute of Endocrinology, Life Science Institute, Physiology, Preventive Medicine, Internal Medicine, Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, Diabetes and Metabolism, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
Institute of Endocrinology, Life Science Institute, Physiology, Preventive Medicine, Internal Medicine, Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, Diabetes and Metabolism, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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Introduction Cushing's disease, or persistently high circulating levels of cortisol secondary to a pituitary adenoma, leads to significant truncal obesity and diabetes ( Cushing 1932 ). Obesity and diabetes are major factors in morbidity and
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Introduction The major physiological adrenocorticosteroid hormones, glucocorticoids (cortisol in most animals and corticosterone in rats and mice) and mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) are vital for normal cardiovascular function. They
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biosynthesis of aldosterone, cortisol, estradiol and testosterone. Over the years, steroidogenic enzymes and regulatory proteins have been identified and further annotated our knowledge of this pathway. The inextricable association between progesterone
Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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) in ECs ( Fig. 1 ) ( Jia et al. 2021 ). Meanwhile, MR activity is also regulated by cortisol. In tissues lacking 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-2 such as adipose tissue, cortisol is typically the primary ligand for the MR since blood concentrations
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(CRF), which in turn acts on the pituitary, stimulating its release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH acts on the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex for the release of GCs, which belong to the steroid class of hormones. Cortisol as the
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revealed significant human variability in response to both endogenous (cortisol) and synthetic glucocorticoids ( Ito et al . 2006 , Kino 2007 ), but the mechanisms remain undetermined. Glucocorticoids mediate their biological effects by the ubiquitously