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L B James-Allan Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s, University of London, London, UK

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G S Whitley Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s, University of London, London, UK

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K Leslie Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s, University of London, London, UK
Fetal Medicine Unit, St. George’s Hospital, London, UK

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A E Wallace Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s, University of London, London, UK

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J E Cartwright Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s, University of London, London, UK

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Introduction During the mid-secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, the human endometrium becomes remodelled due to rising levels of post-ovulatory progesterone, in preparation for pregnancy. A major part of this process is the differentiation

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Hsien-Ming Wu Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan

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Liang-Hsuan Chen Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan

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Wei-Jung Chiu Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan

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Chia-Lung Tsai Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan

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Introduction The functional cross talk between embryos and maternal endometrium has a critical role in successful embryo implantation, placentation, and subsequent pregnancy ( Gellersen et al. 2010 , Teklenburg et al. 2010 , Wu et al

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Lingyun Zhang
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Takashi Sugiyama
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Nao Murabayashi
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Takashi Umekawa
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Ning Ma Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Health Science, Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan

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Yuki Kamimoto
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Yoshihiro Ogawa Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Health Science, Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan

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Norimasa Sagawa
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accumulation of macrophages into adipose tissue via the MCP1/CCR2 pathway is necessary for the development of insulin resistance related to obesity ( Weisberg et al . 2006 ). Although it has been reported that hypertrophy of adipocyte results in late pregnancy

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Yoshihiro Suzuki Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan

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Keiko Nakahara Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan

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Keisuke Maruyama Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan

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Rieko Okame Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan

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Takuya Ensho Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan

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Yoshiyuki Inoue Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan

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Noboru Murakami Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan

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proestrus at the age of 10–11 weeks, and the day after mating was counted as day 1 of pregnancy. Rats on day 14 of pregnancy were used in Experiment 3. Lactating rats were mated at 9–10 weeks of age and housed singly with their litters at 13–16 weeks of age

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H O D Critchley MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh Bioquarter, Edinburgh, UK

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R R Chodankar MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh Bioquarter, Edinburgh, UK

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( Lusher et al . 2011 ). Progesterone plays a vital role in the structure, function and regulation of the female reproductive tract, including pregnancy. Progesterone mediates its function by interacting with the PR, a member of a superfamily of almost 50

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Rachel C Quilang Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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Sylvia Lui Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
St. Mary’s Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK

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Karen Forbes Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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elective medical or surgical termination of pregnancy during the first trimester (8–12 weeks) of pregnancy. Term placentas from uncomplicated pregnancies (37–42 weeks) were collected within 30 min of vaginal or elective caesarean delivery (Supplementary

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Xiaojing Wei Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China

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Yutian Tan Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China

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Jiaqi Huang Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

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Ximing Dong Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China

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Weijie Feng Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China

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Tanglin Liu Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China

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Zhao Yang Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

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Guiying Yang Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

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Xiao Luo Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China

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Introduction Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common pregnancy complication in the context of the global obesity epidemic ( Wang et al. 2022 ). GDM begets various adverse perinatal outcomes and increases the long-term risks of

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Douglas A Gibson MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, QMRI, Edinburgh, UK

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Paul A Foster Institute of Metabolism & Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.

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Ioannis Simitsidellis MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, QMRI, Edinburgh, UK

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Hilary O D Critchley MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, QMRI, Edinburgh, UK

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Olympia Kelepouri MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, QMRI, Edinburgh, UK

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Frances Collins MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, QMRI, Edinburgh, UK

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Philippa T K Saunders MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, QMRI, Edinburgh, UK

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Introduction Decidualisation is a fundamental process of endometrial remodelling that is required for the establishment of pregnancy. It is associated with unique time-dependent transcriptomic and proteomic changes (reviewed in Gellersen

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Simak Ali Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Kirsty Balachandran Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Bert O’Malley Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

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Scabia ( Brisken & Scabia 2020 , DeMayo & Lydon 2020 ). Clinically, this understanding has led to the development of progesterone receptor modulating drugs with corresponding indications including contraception, termination of pregnancy, dysfunctional

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Kamran Ullah The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Tanzil Ur Rahman The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Hai-Tao Pan The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
Shaoxing Women and Children’s Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China

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Meng-Xi Guo The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Xin-Yan Dong The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Juan Liu The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Lu-Yang Jin The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Yi Cheng The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Zhang-Hong Ke The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Jun Ren The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Xian-Hua Lin The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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Xiao-Xiao Qiu Department of Pathophysiology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Ting-Ting Wang The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

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He-Feng Huang The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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Jian-Zhong Sheng The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

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detrimental to uterine receptivity without affecting the embryo quality ( Simón et al . 1998 ), while, decreasing E 2 levels during the preimplantation period by a step-down protocol increased embryo implantation and pregnancy rates ( Valbuena et al . 1999

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