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Michela Zamboni Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Council of Research, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy

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Georgios Strimpakos Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Council of Research, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy

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Eleonora Poggiogalle Department of Experimental Medicine – Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology Section, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Lorenzo M Donini Department of Experimental Medicine – Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology Section, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Donato Civitareale Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Council of Research, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy

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mechanisms behind this correlation are not fully understood. Since TTF-2 plays a critical role as mediator between extracellular inputs in the maintenance of thyroid-specific gene expression, we hypothesized that it could play a role in adipocyte signaling on

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Marina C Muñoz Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Verónica G Piazza Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Valeria Burghi Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Jorge F Giani Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Carolina S Martinez Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Nadia S Cicconi Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Nadia V Muia Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Yimin Fang Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA

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Sergio Lavandero Advanced Center of Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA

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Ana I Sotelo Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Andrzej Bartke Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA

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Patricia A Pennisi Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas ‘Dr. César Bergadá’ (CEDIE), CONICET – FEI – División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Fernando P Dominici Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Johanna G Miquet Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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signaling at the post-receptor level plays a crucial role in GH-induced insulin resistance ( Dominici et al. 2005 , Olarescu & Bollerslev 2016 , Kim & Park 2017 ). Changes in the myocardial sensitivity to insulin action affect cardiac metabolism and

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I Robertshaw Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati, West Chester, Ohio, USA
Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

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F Bian Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

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S K Das Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

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of implantation. The mechanisms by which estrogen transforms a progesterone-primed uterus to the receptive state, activates blastocysts, and initiates implantation are not clearly delineated. The classical estrogen signaling pathway is through

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Custodia García-Jiménez
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Jose Manuel García-Martínez
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Ana Chocarro-Calvo
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Antonio De la Vieja Departamento de Fisiología y Bioquímica, Unidad Funcional de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcon, Madrid, Spain

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exogenous), and subsequent increase in insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) signaling. Altered balances of some adipokines may also contribute to an inflammatory state and increased proliferation; iii) chronic inflammation characterized by increased

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Yefei Pang Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, Texas, USA

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Peter Thomas Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, Texas, USA

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that multiple mPRs are expressed on the cell membranes of human VSMCs and that both progesterone and 02-0, a selective mPR agonist, but not R5020, a selective PR agonist, rapidly activated MAP kinase and Akt signaling pathways and caused muscle

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Márcia Faria Serviço de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo do Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte-Hospital Santa Maria, Lisboa, Portugal
BioISI – Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal

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Daniela Félix Serviço de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo do Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte-Hospital Santa Maria, Lisboa, Portugal
ISAMB – Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal

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Rita Domingues Serviço de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo do Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte-Hospital Santa Maria, Lisboa, Portugal
ISAMB – Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal

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Maria João Bugalho Serviço de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo do Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte-Hospital Santa Maria, Lisboa, Portugal
Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal

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Paulo Matos BioISI – Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal

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Ana Luísa Silva Serviço de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo do Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte-Hospital Santa Maria, Lisboa, Portugal
ISAMB – Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal

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molecular ‘switches’ that regulate signaling pathways involved in processes such as gene expression, cell proliferation and cell migration ( Heasman & Ridley 2008 ). An alternative splicing event leads to the generation of RAC1b, a fast activating splice

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I K Lund Signal Transduction, Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2880 Bagsværd, Denmark
MedChem Research II, Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center, Niels Steensens Vej 6, DK-2820 Gentofte, Denmark

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J A Hansen Signal Transduction, Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2880 Bagsværd, Denmark
MedChem Research II, Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center, Niels Steensens Vej 6, DK-2820 Gentofte, Denmark

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H S Andersen Signal Transduction, Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2880 Bagsværd, Denmark
MedChem Research II, Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center, Niels Steensens Vej 6, DK-2820 Gentofte, Denmark

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N P H Møller Signal Transduction, Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2880 Bagsværd, Denmark
MedChem Research II, Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center, Niels Steensens Vej 6, DK-2820 Gentofte, Denmark

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N Billestrup Signal Transduction, Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2880 Bagsværd, Denmark
MedChem Research II, Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center, Niels Steensens Vej 6, DK-2820 Gentofte, Denmark

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hypothalamus, through which it exerts its key regulatory role by controlling the overall energy homeostasis, i.e. induction of reduced food intake and promotion of weight loss ( Ahima & Flier 2000 , Korner & Aronne 2003 ). Defective leptin signalling due to

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Gunnar Kleinau Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology (IEPE), Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany

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Anne Müller Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology (IEPE), Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany

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Heike Biebermann Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology (IEPE), Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany

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G-protein-coupled receptors The importance of GPCRs Physiological functions such as development, growth, behavior, learning, emotions, senses and aging are strongly dependent on the control of endocrine circuits. Hormonal signals exert

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Dhivya Kumar Departments of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA

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Richard E Mains Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA

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Betty A Eipper Departments of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA

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, cloning, and structural/mechanistic studies focused on PAM and then expanded to include cell biological studies on secretory granule biogenesis, retrograde signaling from the granule lumen to the nucleus, and the delivery of essential cofactors (ascorbate

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Antara A Banerjee Division of Structural Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India

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Madhavi Dupakuntla Division of Structural Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India

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Bhakti R Pathak Division of Structural Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India

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Smita D Mahale Division of Structural Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
Division of Structural Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India

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downstream signaling pathways, but the exact molecular mechanism remains elusive. The recently solved crystal structure of FSH in complex with the entire ECD of FSHR including the hinge region provides some explanation. FSH interacts with FSHR in a two

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