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Ralph H Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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work together to renew, repair, and adapt the tissue as needed in response to various stimuli and signals such as hormones, cytokines, growth factors, and biomechanical forces ( Siddiqui & Partridge 2016 , Eisa et al. 2020 ). Skeletal diseases can
Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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may activate receptors other than the ‘classic’ cytosolic MR: either as a ligand of a different cell membrane-associated receptor, or by influencing signalling of unrelated receptors such as angiotensin II receptor 1 (AGTR1). These systems do not occur
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MoBioFood Research Group. Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, C/Marcel.li Domingo, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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system ( Myers et al . 2008 ). In addition to its key role in the maintenance of energy homeostasis, leptin modulates both humoral and cell-mediated immunity ( La Cava & Matarese 2004 ). Leptin signalling is dependent on the presence of the long isoform
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maturation. IHH also determines the location of bone collar formation ( Chung et al . 2001 ). Many other pathways, including FGF signaling, can regulate chondrocyte proliferation and maturation indirectly through their interactions with the PTHRP
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-dependent manner (for review, see De Felice et al . (2004) ). Recently, we have identified a G 13 -dependent signaling pathway of the TSHR leading to the activation of p44/42 MAPK ( Büch et al . 2008 ). Another TSHR-promoted signaling pathway in thyrocytes is
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Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biodiscovery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
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Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biodiscovery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
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did not measure a physiological response ( Gillyard et al. 2019 ). Therefore, after two decades, no study has elucidated how the human MC4R (hMC4R) signals to regulate body weight. A new approach is needed. Surprisingly, six hMC4R variants with
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Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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of intact estrogen signaling or functional ER. There are two predominant PR isoforms: full-length PR-B and N-terminally truncated PR-A that is missing the first 164 amino acids found in full-length PR-B, termed the B-upstream segment (BUS). Although
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in function of immune modifications. In this context, the liver is a key organ integrating both nutrient and immune signals, as it is the first organ reached by nutrients and bacterial components of the gut during food intake, highlighting the
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well to androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT), they eventually become castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) during ADT, which is thought to remain dependent on androgen receptor (AR) signaling for growth in a low-androgen milieu ( Ryan & Tindall 2011
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División Endocrinología, Hospital General de Agudos ‘Carlos G. Durand’, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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potential pharmacological targets. Recently, it was shown that proton-induced corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 ( Crh-r1 ) signaling regulates Pomc expression and ACTH production ( Kameda et al. 2019 ). Given its known role of inhibiting Pomc