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Dima W Alhamad Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Husam Bensreti Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Jennifer Dorn Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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William D Hill Department of Pathology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
Ralph H Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA

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Mark W Hamrick Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Meghan E McGee-Lawrence Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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work together to renew, repair, and adapt the tissue as needed in response to various stimuli and signals such as hormones, cytokines, growth factors, and biomechanical forces ( Siddiqui & Partridge 2016 , Eisa et al. 2020 ). Skeletal diseases can

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Gregory S Y Ong Cardiovascular Endocrinology Laboratory, Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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Morag J Young Cardiovascular Endocrinology Laboratory, Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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may activate receptors other than the ‘classic’ cytosolic MR: either as a ligand of a different cell membrane-associated receptor, or by influencing signalling of unrelated receptors such as angiotensin II receptor 1 (AGTR1). These systems do not occur

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N Martínez-Micaelo MoBioFood Research Group. Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, C/Marcel.li Domingo, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain

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N González-Abuín MoBioFood Research Group. Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, C/Marcel.li Domingo, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain

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A Ardévol MoBioFood Research Group. Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, C/Marcel.li Domingo, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain

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M Pinent MoBioFood Research Group. Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, C/Marcel.li Domingo, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain

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E Petretto MoBioFood Research Group. Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, C/Marcel.li Domingo, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
MoBioFood Research Group. Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, C/Marcel.li Domingo, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain

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J Behmoaras MoBioFood Research Group. Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, C/Marcel.li Domingo, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain

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M Blay MoBioFood Research Group. Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, C/Marcel.li Domingo, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain

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system ( Myers et al . 2008 ). In addition to its key role in the maintenance of energy homeostasis, leptin modulates both humoral and cell-mediated immunity ( La Cava & Matarese 2004 ). Leptin signalling is dependent on the presence of the long isoform

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Yangli Xie Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Trauma Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China

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Siru Zhou Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Trauma Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China

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Hangang Chen Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Trauma Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China

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Xiaolan Du Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Trauma Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China

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Lin Chen Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Trauma Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China

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maturation. IHH also determines the location of bone collar formation ( Chung et al . 2001 ). Many other pathways, including FGF signaling, can regulate chondrocyte proliferation and maturation indirectly through their interactions with the PTHRP

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Christer M Bäck
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Stefanie Stohr Medical Department III, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany

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Eva A M Schäfer Medical Department III, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany

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Heike Biebermann Medical Department III, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany

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Ingrid Boekhoff Medical Department III, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany

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Andreas Breit Medical Department III, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany

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Thomas Gudermann Medical Department III, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany

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Thomas R H Büch Medical Department III, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany

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-dependent manner (for review, see De Felice et al . (2004) ). Recently, we have identified a G 13 -dependent signaling pathway of the TSHR leading to the activation of p44/42 MAPK ( Büch et al . 2008 ). Another TSHR-promoted signaling pathway in thyrocytes is

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Rikus Botha Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand

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Shree S Kumar Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand

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Natasha L Grimsey Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biodiscovery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand

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Kathleen G Mountjoy Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biodiscovery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand

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did not measure a physiological response ( Gillyard et al. 2019 ). Therefore, after two decades, no study has elucidated how the human MC4R (hMC4R) signals to regulate body weight. A new approach is needed. Surprisingly, six hMC4R variants with

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Amy R Dwyer Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

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Thu H Truong Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

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Julie H Ostrander Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

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Carol A Lange Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

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of intact estrogen signaling or functional ER. There are two predominant PR isoforms: full-length PR-B and N-terminally truncated PR-A that is missing the first 164 amino acids found in full-length PR-B, termed the B-upstream segment (BUS). Although

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Emily Tubbs Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden

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Jennifer Rieusset INSERM UMR-1060, CarMeN Laboratory, Lyon 1 University, INRA U1235, INSA of Lyon, Charles Merieux Lyon-Sud medical Universities, Lyon, France

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in function of immune modifications. In this context, the liver is a key organ integrating both nutrient and immune signals, as it is the first organ reached by nutrients and bacterial components of the gut during food intake, highlighting the

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Momoe Itsumi Departments of Urology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan

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Masaki Shiota Departments of Urology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan

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Akira Yokomizo Departments of Urology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan

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Eiji Kashiwagi Departments of Urology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan

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Ario Takeuchi Departments of Urology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan

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Katsunori Tatsugami Departments of Urology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan

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Junichi Inokuchi Departments of Urology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan

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YooHyun Song Departments of Urology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan

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Takeshi Uchiumi Departments of Urology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan

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Seiji Naito Departments of Urology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan

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well to androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT), they eventually become castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) during ADT, which is thought to remain dependent on androgen receptor (AR) signaling for growth in a low-androgen milieu ( Ryan & Tindall 2011

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Leandro Nieto Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) – CONICET – Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Mariana Fuertes Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) – CONICET – Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Josefina Rosmino Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) – CONICET – Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
División Endocrinología, Hospital General de Agudos ‘Carlos G. Durand’, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Sergio Senin Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) – CONICET – Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Eduardo Arzt Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) – CONICET – Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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potential pharmacological targets. Recently, it was shown that proton-induced corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 ( Crh-r1 ) signaling regulates Pomc expression and ACTH production ( Kameda et al. 2019 ). Given its known role of inhibiting Pomc

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