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Introduction The human placenta releases multiple factors and steroid hormones into the maternal circulation to modify systemic hemodynamics and promote transfer of energy substrates to the fetus ( Fisher et al. 2019 ). Progesterone, one of
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295 2465 –2468. Shibata H , Spencer E, Onate SA, Jenster G, Tsai SY, Tsai MJ & O’Malley BW 1997 Role of co-activators and co-repressors in the mechanism of steroid/thyroid receptor action. Recent Progress in Hormone
Division of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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Division of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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Division of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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Division of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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Division of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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Division of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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Division of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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. Journal of Biological Chemistry 267 19744 –19751. Beato M , Chalepakis G, Schauer M & Slater EP 1989 DNA regulatory elements for steroid hormones. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 32 737 –747
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Steroid hormones generally mediate their effects by interacting with specific receptors which then bind to defined DNA sequences in the regulatory regions of target genes to activate expression (see Gronmeyer (1992) and references therein). However, the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression by steroid hormones is also well documented (see Nielsen & Shapiro 1990). Indeed steroid hormones were amongst the first agents to be demonstrated to play a role in mRNA stabilization (Palmiter & Carey 1974). For example, glucocorticoid hormones have been shown to enhance the stability of growth hormone mRNA (Paek & Axel 1987), testosterone has been reported to induce changes in the poly(A) tail length of the mRNA encoding cystatin-related protein (Vercaeren et al. 1992) and testosterone and/or oestrogen induce changes in the poly(A) tail length of the vasopressin mRNA (Carter & Murphy 1993) associated with changes in mRNA accumulation. However, it is still unclear how steroids mediate these
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The nuclear receptor family responds to a diverse group of ligands, including steroids, retinoids, thyroid hormone, prostaglandins and fatty acids. Previous sequence analyses of adrenal and sex steroid receptors indicate that they form a clade separate from other nuclear receptors. However, the relationships of adrenal and sex steroid receptors to each other and to their ancestors are not fully understood. We have used new information from androgen, estrogen, mineralocorticoid and progesterone receptors in fish to better resolve the phylogeny of adrenal and sex steroid receptors. Sequence divergence between fish and mammalian steroid receptors correlates with differences in steroid specificity, suggesting that phylogeny needs to be considered in evaluating the endocrine effects of xenobiotics. Among the vertebrate steroid receptors, the most ancient is the estrogen receptor. The phylogeny indicates that adrenal and sex steroid receptors arose in a jawless fish or a protochordate and that changes in the sequence of the hormone-binding domain have slowed considerably in land vertebrates. The retinoid X receptor clade is closest to the adrenal and sex steroid receptor clade. Retinoid X receptor is noteworthy for its ability to form dimers with other nuclear receptors, an important mechanism for regulating the action of retinoid X receptor and its dimerization partners. In contrast, the adrenal and sex steroid receptors bind to DNA as homodimers. Moreover, unliganded adrenal and sex steroid receptors form complexes with heat shock protein 90. Thus, the evolution of adrenal and sex steroid receptors involved changes in protein-protein interactions as well as ligand recognition.
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:androgen ratios on aromatase expression, rats at day 10 of pregnancy were injected subcutaneously every alternate day until parturition with one of the following sex steroid hormones, dissolved in 0.1 ml sesame oil: (1) diethylstilbesterol (DES; Sigma, St Louis
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Department of Medicine, CSRC and BIMRC, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive 0605, La Jolla, California 92093-0605, USA
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V 2009 Independent elaboration of steroid hormone signaling pathways in metazoans . PNAS 106 11913 – 11918 . ( doi:10.1073/pnas.0812138106 ). Martinerie L Munier M Le Menuet D Meduri G Viengchareun S Lombes M 2013 The
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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steroids in controlling adipose tissue function, since disturbances in adipose tissue function lead to obesity and associated metabolic diseases ( Palmer & Clegg 2015 , Longo et al. 2019 ). In general, two types of adipose tissue with distinct
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Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, University of Nordland, 8049 Bodø, Norway
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steroidogenesis and the role of sex steroid hormones on ovarian growth and maturation of the Japanese eel . Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 127 149 – 154 . ( doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.03.013 ). Keaveney M Klug J Dawson MT Nestor
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Evolution and Reproductive Medicine, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
Fujita Medical Innovation Center Tokyo, Reproduction Center, Tokyo, Japan
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menopause, indicating that sex steroids, namely, estrogen and progesterone, play crucial roles in the growth and enlargement of UFs. Epidemiological studies have revealed that Black ethnicity, advanced age, obesity, nulliparity, family history of UFs
