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Hervé Tostivint
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Daniel Ocampo Daza Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Department of Neuroscience, Inserm U982, UMR 7221 CNRS and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France

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Christina A Bergqvist Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Department of Neuroscience, Inserm U982, UMR 7221 CNRS and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France

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Feng B Quan
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Marion Bougerol
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Isabelle Lihrmann Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Department of Neuroscience, Inserm U982, UMR 7221 CNRS and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France

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Dan Larhammar Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Department of Neuroscience, Inserm U982, UMR 7221 CNRS and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France

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diversification of not only the peptides but also their receptors ( Kim et al . 2011 , Hwang et al . 2013 ). Somatostatin (SS) is another important component of the hypothalamic–pituitary axis, involved in the control of growth hormone (GH) secretion ( Gahete

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David Aguinaga Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, School of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CiberNed, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

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Mireia Casanovas Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, School of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CiberNed, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

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Rafael Rivas-Santisteban Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, School of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CiberNed, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

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Irene Reyes-Resina Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, School of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CiberNed, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

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Gemma Navarro Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CiberNed, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

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Rafael Franco Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, School of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CiberNed, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

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, pancreas and central nervous system (CNS) ( Fig. 1 ). Ghrelin, the ‘hunger’ hormone, acts via a specific receptor, GHS-R 1a , which belongs to the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Dopamine, one of the main neurotransmitters in the brain

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F M Fioretti Androgen Signalling Laboratory, Molecular Oncology, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK

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A Sita-Lumsden Androgen Signalling Laboratory, Molecular Oncology, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK

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C L Bevan Androgen Signalling Laboratory, Molecular Oncology, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK

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G N Brooke Androgen Signalling Laboratory, Molecular Oncology, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
Androgen Signalling Laboratory, Molecular Oncology, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK

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histories have also been identified. Oestrogen receptor status and BC subtypes BCs are a highly heterogeneous disease and gene expression profiling has identified four distinct malignant subtypes termed as basal-like, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2

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Jérémy Pasquier
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Nédia Kamech
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Anne-Gaëlle Lafont
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Hubert Vaudry Laboratory of Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems (BOREA), Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, UMR CNRS 7208, IRD207, Université Pierre and Marie Curie – Paris 6, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7 rue Cuvier, CP32, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France

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Karine Rousseau
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Sylvie Dufour
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Introduction The kisspeptin system, composed of the ligand, kisspeptin (Kiss), and its receptor, kisspeptin receptor (KissR), has attracted the attention of most reproductive physiologists during the past 10 years. Even though the involvement

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Bice Chini
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Marco Parenti Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy

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G-protein-coupled receptors–cholesterol interactions Eighty-ninety per cent of whole-cell cholesterol is contained within the plasma membrane, where it accounts for 20–25% of lipid molecules ( Lange 1991 , Simons & Ikonen 2000 ). Cholesterol, which

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María Angeles Arevalo
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María Santos-Galindo
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Natalia Lagunas
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Iñigo Azcoitia Instituto Cajal, Departamento de Biología Celular, CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce 37, E-28002 Madrid, Spain

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Luis M Garcia-Segura
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receptor modulators (SERMs) to exert E 2 -like neuroprotective actions in the brain has emerged as an alternative to E 2 ( DonCarlos et al . 2009 ). According to chemical family, SERMs are classified as triphenylethylene, benzothiophene, or benzopyran

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Natalia Moncaut Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
Laboratorio de Ictiofisiologia y Acuicultura, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnologicas-Instituto Tecnologico de Chascomus (IIB-INTECH), Camino de Circunvalacion Laguna Km 6 (B7130IWA), Chascomus, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.

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Gustavo Somoza Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
Laboratorio de Ictiofisiologia y Acuicultura, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnologicas-Instituto Tecnologico de Chascomus (IIB-INTECH), Camino de Circunvalacion Laguna Km 6 (B7130IWA), Chascomus, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.

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Deborah M Power Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
Laboratorio de Ictiofisiologia y Acuicultura, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnologicas-Instituto Tecnologico de Chascomus (IIB-INTECH), Camino de Circunvalacion Laguna Km 6 (B7130IWA), Chascomus, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.

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Adelino V M Canário Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
Laboratorio de Ictiofisiologia y Acuicultura, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnologicas-Instituto Tecnologico de Chascomus (IIB-INTECH), Camino de Circunvalacion Laguna Km 6 (B7130IWA), Chascomus, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.

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( Adams et al. 2003 , Millar et al. 2004 , Somoza et al. 2002 ). GnRHs exert their actions through GnRH receptors (GnRHRs) which are members of the rhodopsin-like G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family. These receptors show three main

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Nektarios Barabutis Research Service (151), Department of Pathology, Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and Endocrinology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education, 1201 Northwest 16th Street, Miami, Florida 33125, USA
Research Service (151), Department of Pathology, Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and Endocrinology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education, 1201 Northwest 16th Street, Miami, Florida 33125, USA

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Agnieszka Siejka Research Service (151), Department of Pathology, Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and Endocrinology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education, 1201 Northwest 16th Street, Miami, Florida 33125, USA
Research Service (151), Department of Pathology, Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and Endocrinology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education, 1201 Northwest 16th Street, Miami, Florida 33125, USA

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Andrew V Schally Research Service (151), Department of Pathology, Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and Endocrinology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education, 1201 Northwest 16th Street, Miami, Florida 33125, USA
Research Service (151), Department of Pathology, Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and Endocrinology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education, 1201 Northwest 16th Street, Miami, Florida 33125, USA
Research Service (151), Department of Pathology, Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and Endocrinology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education, 1201 Northwest 16th Street, Miami, Florida 33125, USA

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Norman L Block Research Service (151), Department of Pathology, Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and Endocrinology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education, 1201 Northwest 16th Street, Miami, Florida 33125, USA
Research Service (151), Department of Pathology, Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and Endocrinology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education, 1201 Northwest 16th Street, Miami, Florida 33125, USA
Research Service (151), Department of Pathology, Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and Endocrinology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education, 1201 Northwest 16th Street, Miami, Florida 33125, USA

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Renzhi Cai Research Service (151), Department of Pathology, Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and Endocrinology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education, 1201 Northwest 16th Street, Miami, Florida 33125, USA
Research Service (151), Department of Pathology, Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and Endocrinology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education, 1201 Northwest 16th Street, Miami, Florida 33125, USA

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Joseph L Varga Research Service (151), Department of Pathology, Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and Endocrinology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education, 1201 Northwest 16th Street, Miami, Florida 33125, USA
Research Service (151), Department of Pathology, Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and Endocrinology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education, 1201 Northwest 16th Street, Miami, Florida 33125, USA

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resultant activation of protein kinase A ( Gaylinn 1999 , Ramirez et al . 1999 ). Pituitary type GHRH receptor, pGHRH-R, is a class II G protein-coupled receptor with seven transmembrane domains and is homologous with the receptors for VIP, PACAP, and

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Jun Yang MIMR-PHI Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, PO Box 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
MIMR-PHI Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, PO Box 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia

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Peter J Fuller MIMR-PHI Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, PO Box 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
MIMR-PHI Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, PO Box 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia

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James Morgan MIMR-PHI Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, PO Box 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia

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Hirotaka Shibata MIMR-PHI Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, PO Box 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia

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Colin D Clyne MIMR-PHI Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, PO Box 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia

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Morag J Young MIMR-PHI Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, PO Box 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
MIMR-PHI Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, PO Box 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia

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Introduction The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors. It belongs to the subgroup of steroid hormone receptors, which also includes the glucocorticoid receptor (GR

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M R Silver Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Hampshire, 46 College Road, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA

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S A Sower Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Hampshire, 46 College Road, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA

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is mediated through high affinity binding with the GnRH receptor, a class A or rhodopsin-like seven transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) ( Millar et al. 2004 ). The GnRH receptor is unique among all GPCRs in that the type I mammalian GnRH

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