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Momoe Itsumi Departments of Urology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan

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Masaki Shiota Departments of Urology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan

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Akira Yokomizo Departments of Urology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan

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Eiji Kashiwagi Departments of Urology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan

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Ario Takeuchi Departments of Urology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan

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Katsunori Tatsugami Departments of Urology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan

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Junichi Inokuchi Departments of Urology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan

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YooHyun Song Departments of Urology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan

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Takeshi Uchiumi Departments of Urology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan

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Seiji Naito Departments of Urology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan

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Introduction Prostate cancer is the most common non-cutaneous cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death of men in developed countries ( Siegel et al . 2012 ). Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening has improved early detection

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Ross S Thomas Cancer Research UK Laboratories, Department of Oncology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK

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Naveed Sarwar Cancer Research UK Laboratories, Department of Oncology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK

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Fladia Phoenix Cancer Research UK Laboratories, Department of Oncology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK

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R Charles Coombes Cancer Research UK Laboratories, Department of Oncology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK

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Simak Ali Cancer Research UK Laboratories, Department of Oncology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK

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cardiovascular system, as well as being significant for certain brain functions ( Couse & Korach 1999 ). Additionally, estrogens stimulate breast cancer progression and ∼70–80% of breast cancers express ERα. The presence of ERα correlates with likelihood of

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Norman G Nicolson Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

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Reju Korah Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

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Tobias Carling Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

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Introduction Adrenocortical cancer (ACC) is a rare endocrine tumor with a poor prognosis. Recent estimates put the incidence at around one case per million people per year, with overall 5-year survival around 40% ( Nicolson et al. 2018

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He-jun Zhao Department of Endocrinology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China

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Xia Jiang Department of Endocrinology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China

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Li-juan Hu Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease, Tianjin NanKai Hospital, Tianjin, China

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Lei Yang Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China

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Lian-dong Deng Department of Polymer Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China

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Ya-ping Wang Department of Polymer Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China

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Zhi-peng Ren Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China

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Introduction Pancreatic cancer is closely related to diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is not only a risk factor for pancreatic cancer, but it is also one of the clinical manifestations of pancreatic cancer ( Everhart & Wright 1995 , Chari

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Denis Nonclercq Laboratory of Histology and Experimental Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Université de Mons-Hainaut, Pentagone 1B-Avenue du Champ de Mars 6, B7000 Mons, Belgium
Laboratory of Endocrinology-Bone Diseases and
Laboratory J-C Heuson of Breast Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue Heger-Bordet 1, B1000 Brussels, Belgium

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Fabrice Journé Laboratory of Histology and Experimental Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Université de Mons-Hainaut, Pentagone 1B-Avenue du Champ de Mars 6, B7000 Mons, Belgium
Laboratory of Endocrinology-Bone Diseases and
Laboratory J-C Heuson of Breast Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue Heger-Bordet 1, B1000 Brussels, Belgium

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Ioanna Laïos Laboratory of Histology and Experimental Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Université de Mons-Hainaut, Pentagone 1B-Avenue du Champ de Mars 6, B7000 Mons, Belgium
Laboratory of Endocrinology-Bone Diseases and
Laboratory J-C Heuson of Breast Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue Heger-Bordet 1, B1000 Brussels, Belgium

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Carole Chaboteaux Laboratory of Histology and Experimental Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Université de Mons-Hainaut, Pentagone 1B-Avenue du Champ de Mars 6, B7000 Mons, Belgium
Laboratory of Endocrinology-Bone Diseases and
Laboratory J-C Heuson of Breast Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue Heger-Bordet 1, B1000 Brussels, Belgium

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Robert-Alain Toillon Laboratory of Histology and Experimental Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Université de Mons-Hainaut, Pentagone 1B-Avenue du Champ de Mars 6, B7000 Mons, Belgium
Laboratory of Endocrinology-Bone Diseases and
Laboratory J-C Heuson of Breast Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue Heger-Bordet 1, B1000 Brussels, Belgium

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Guy Leclercq Laboratory of Histology and Experimental Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Université de Mons-Hainaut, Pentagone 1B-Avenue du Champ de Mars 6, B7000 Mons, Belgium
Laboratory of Endocrinology-Bone Diseases and
Laboratory J-C Heuson of Breast Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue Heger-Bordet 1, B1000 Brussels, Belgium

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Guy Laurent Laboratory of Histology and Experimental Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Université de Mons-Hainaut, Pentagone 1B-Avenue du Champ de Mars 6, B7000 Mons, Belgium
Laboratory of Endocrinology-Bone Diseases and
Laboratory J-C Heuson of Breast Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue Heger-Bordet 1, B1000 Brussels, Belgium

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-expressing breast carcinomas (more than two third of breast malignancies, Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group 1998 ) is considered to be principally mediated by ERα (henceforth referred to as ER). The intracellular distribution of ER in

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V X Jin Human Cancer Genetics Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University, 420 W 12th Avenue, TMRF 524A, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA

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H Sun Human Cancer Genetics Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University, 420 W 12th Avenue, TMRF 524A, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA

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T T Pohar Human Cancer Genetics Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University, 420 W 12th Avenue, TMRF 524A, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA

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S Liyanarachchi Human Cancer Genetics Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University, 420 W 12th Avenue, TMRF 524A, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA

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S K Palaniswamy Human Cancer Genetics Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University, 420 W 12th Avenue, TMRF 524A, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA

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T H-M Huang Human Cancer Genetics Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University, 420 W 12th Avenue, TMRF 524A, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA

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R V Davuluri Human Cancer Genetics Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University, 420 W 12th Avenue, TMRF 524A, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA

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has been associated with endocrine diseases such as breast and prostate cancers, and the action of ERs is linked to the growth promotion and invasion of breast cancer cells ( Pearce & Jordan 2004 ). ERs modulate the transcription of target genes when

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Shen Gao Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010, USA

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Hua Wang Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010, USA

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Peng Lee Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010, USA

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Jonathan Melamed Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010, USA

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Caihong X Li Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010, USA

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Fahao Zhang Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010, USA

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Hong Wu Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010, USA

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Liran Zhou Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010, USA

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Zhengxin Wang Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010, USA

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Introduction Androgens play a pivotal role in maintaining prostate homeostasis ( Denmeade et al. 1996 ) and under abnormal conditions they contribute to the development of prostate cancer ( Bentel & Tilley 1996 , Craft et al

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Silvia Ottaviani
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Greg N Brooke Department of Surgery and Cancer, School of Biological Sciences, Imperial College London, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, London W12 0NN, UK

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Ciara O'Hanlon-Brown
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Jonathan Waxman
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Simak Ali
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Laki Buluwela
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Introduction Androgens play a central role in the biology of normal prostate development and prostate cancer progression ( Shen & Abate-Shen 2010 ). These hormones mediate their effects through the action of the androgen receptor (AR), a member of

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Misa Nakamura Department of Pathology Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan Department of Rehabilitation Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, Mizuma 158, Kaizuka City, Osaka 597-0104, Japan Department of Advanced Medical Science Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, 4-6-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
Department of Pathology Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan Department of Rehabilitation Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, Mizuma 158, Kaizuka City, Osaka 597-0104, Japan Department of Advanced Medical Science Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, 4-6-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan

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Bo Han Department of Pathology Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan Department of Rehabilitation Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, Mizuma 158, Kaizuka City, Osaka 597-0104, Japan Department of Advanced Medical Science Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, 4-6-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan

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Toshihide Nishishita Department of Pathology Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan Department of Rehabilitation Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, Mizuma 158, Kaizuka City, Osaka 597-0104, Japan Department of Advanced Medical Science Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, 4-6-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan

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Yanhua Bai Department of Pathology Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan Department of Rehabilitation Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, Mizuma 158, Kaizuka City, Osaka 597-0104, Japan Department of Advanced Medical Science Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, 4-6-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan

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Kennichi Kakudo Department of Pathology Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan Department of Rehabilitation Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, Mizuma 158, Kaizuka City, Osaka 597-0104, Japan Department of Advanced Medical Science Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, 4-6-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan

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Introduction In molecular cancer therapy, the target which is selected and how it is developed for therapy is important. Most target molecules are oncogenes, growth factors, transcription factors, or cytokines involved in signaling pathways, DNA

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Danrong Ye Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China

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Yang Jiang Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China

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Yihan Sun Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China

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Yuefeng Li Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China

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Yefeng Cai Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China

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Qingxuan Wang Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China

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Ouchen Wang Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China

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Endong Chen Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China

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Xiaohua Zhang Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China

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United States, approximately 53,990 cases of thyroid cancer were expected to be newly diagnosed in 2018, leading to a projected 2060 deaths ( Siegel et al. 2018 ). In China, it was predicted that there would be approximately 90,000 newly diagnosed

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