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expression throughout the whole human body ( Sutton & MacDonald 2003 ). Figure 1 Vitamin D signaling in the context of chromatin. Via CYP enzyme-driven hydroxylation reactions vitamin D 3 is converted to 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 (25(OH)D 3 ) and 1,25(OH
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-synthesized factors, interferon τ (IFNτ) is considered as the major antiluteolytic pregnancy recognition signal in ruminants ( Roberts et al. 1992 ). IFNτ is secreted exclusively by the ovine trophectoderm from days 10 to 22 after mating. It is not detected in the
Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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( Soto & Sonnenschein, 2015 ; Soto et al. , 2013 ). The role of the ovarian steroid, progesterone, is tightly linked to ER signaling and is just beginning to emerge from the shadow of its highly visible cousin 17-β-estradiol ( Brisken, 2013 ). What we
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Introduction Insulin and the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) control many aspects of metabolism, growth and survival in a wide range of mammalian tissues ( Nakae et al . 2001 ). Insulin/IGF signalling also contributes to regulation of lifespan
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Department of Endocrinology, Barts Cancer Institute, NIH, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, William Harvey Research Institute and
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is related to the Krebs cycle modulation of hypoxia signalling, i.e. to mutations in succinate dehydrogenase subunit A(AF2)/B/C/D ( SDHA ( AF2 )/ B / C / D ), the gene associated with von Hippel–Lindau disease ( VHL ) or 2-oxoglutarate
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( Klöting et al . 2010 ). Furthermore, disturbances in the generation of new fat cells may also result in ectopic lipid storage in liver and skeletal muscle ( Sethi & Vidal-Puig 2007 ), which is known to be associated with impaired insulin signalling in
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Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Eighth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Shanghai, China
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adenosine monophosphate (AMP) elevation can drive multiple cellular signaling pathways and exert diverse effects on lipid metabolism ( Seo et al . 2015 ). AMPK regulates both the fatty acid oxidation by the phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC
Liggins Institute, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
National Research Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Liggins Institute, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
National Research Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Liggins Institute, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
National Research Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Liggins Institute, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
National Research Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Introduction The suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins were initially identified as cytokine-inducible inhibitors of intracellular signaling by a wide range of cytokine-related mediators including leukemia inhibitory
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signalling by rapamycin blocked protein synthesis in both human and rodent skeletal muscle ( Kubica et al . 2005 , Drummond et al . 2009 ) and prevented muscle hypertrophy induced by overload or the overexpression of constitutively active Akt in mice
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-cell signalling, function and mass are likely mediated through changes in their intracellular concentration. Importantly, amino acid transporters play an important part in determining the size and composition of the intracellular amino acids pool. There are