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differentiated state of the prostatic cells in the mature gland ( Mirosevich et al. 1999 ). There is increasing evidence that the androgen-signaling pathway is involved in many phases of prostate cancer biology, including tumorigenesis, disease progression, and
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cancer therapy because of better tolerability, improved efficacy and less toxicity compared to conventional cancer treatments ( Simpson et al . 2016 , Au et al. 2017 ). Broadly, the concept behind immunotherapy is to engage the immune system to
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Introduction Steroid hormones and nuclear receptor (NR) ligands play critical roles in cancer initiation and progression, and their antagonists have proven efficacy in the treatment and prevention of cancers. This is most notable in breast and
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Introduction Prostate cancer is the most common non-cutaneous cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in males in developed countries. For growth and survival, prostate cancer cells characteristically require androgens, which
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turn, the IGFBPs and their actions can be modified by specific proteinases and proteinase inhibitors. This review will focus on what is currently known about the zinc metalloproteinase, PAPP-A, and its role in cancer. PAPP-A was first identified in
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development and further growth of a number of benign and malignant hormone-dependent disorders, including breast and endometrial cancers ( Bulun et al. 2005 , Cavalieri et al. 2006 , Kim et al. 2013 , Santen et al. 2015 ). Breast cancer is the
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termed progestins are taken by women of different ages for reasons that span birth control, to menopausal hormone therapies (MHT), to treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. However, exposure to exogenous progestins is associated with increased breast cancer
Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital
Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital
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Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital
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Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital
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Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital
Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital
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Introduction Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the leading cause of death from gynecological malignancy in Western women, and is generally thought to arise in the ovarian epithelium either on the surface of the ovary or in inclusion cysts. However
Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey – Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute and
Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC 20057, USA
The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
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Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey – Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute and
Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC 20057, USA
The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
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Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey – Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute and
Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC 20057, USA
The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
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Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey – Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute and
Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC 20057, USA
The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
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Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey – Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute and
Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC 20057, USA
The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
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Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey – Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute and
Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC 20057, USA
The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
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Introduction The female sex hormone estradiol (E 2 ) plays a major role in the development and progression of breast cancer ( Henderson et al. 1988 , Russo et al. 2003 ). E 2 exerts its biologic effects through the estrogen
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Introduction Progress in the field of thyroid cancer genetics has produced a novel class of drugs known as ‘targeted therapeutics’, which act selectively on cancer cells harboring particular genetic aberrations ( Sherman 2010 ), and these agents are