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Liran Zhou
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Hong Wu
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Peng Lee
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Zhengxin Wang
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differentiated state of the prostatic cells in the mature gland ( Mirosevich et al. 1999 ). There is increasing evidence that the androgen-signaling pathway is involved in many phases of prostate cancer biology, including tumorigenesis, disease progression, and

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Afreen Idris Shariff Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA

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Sohail Syed Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA

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Rebecca A Shelby Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA

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Jeremy Force Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA

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Jeffrey Melson Clarke Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA

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David D’Alessio Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA

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Leonor Corsino Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA

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cancer therapy because of better tolerability, improved efficacy and less toxicity compared to conventional cancer treatments ( Simpson et al . 2016 , Au et al. 2017 ). Broadly, the concept behind immunotherapy is to engage the immune system to

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Lacey M Litchfield Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA

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Carolyn M Klinge Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA

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Introduction Steroid hormones and nuclear receptor (NR) ligands play critical roles in cancer initiation and progression, and their antagonists have proven efficacy in the treatment and prevention of cancers. This is most notable in breast and

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Momoe Itsumi Departments of Urology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine

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Masaki Shiota Departments of Urology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine

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Akira Yokomizo Departments of Urology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine

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Ario Takeuchi Departments of Urology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine

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Eiji Kashiwagi Departments of Urology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine

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Takashi Dejima Departments of Urology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine

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Junichi Inokuchi Departments of Urology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine

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Katsunori Tatsugami Departments of Urology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine

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Takeshi Uchiumi Departments of Urology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine

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Seiji Naito Departments of Urology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine

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Introduction Prostate cancer is the most common non-cutaneous cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in males in developed countries. For growth and survival, prostate cancer cells characteristically require androgens, which

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Cheryl A Conover From the Division of Endocrinology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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Claus Oxvig Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

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turn, the IGFBPs and their actions can be modified by specific proteinases and proteinase inhibitors. This review will focus on what is currently known about the zinc metalloproteinase, PAPP-A, and its role in cancer. PAPP-A was first identified in

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Hong Zhao Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Ling Zhou Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Anna Junjie Shangguan Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Serdar E Bulun Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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development and further growth of a number of benign and malignant hormone-dependent disorders, including breast and endometrial cancers ( Bulun et al. 2005 , Cavalieri et al. 2006 , Kim et al. 2013 , Santen et al. 2015 ). Breast cancer is the

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Kathryn B Horwitz Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA

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Carol A Sartorius Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA

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termed progestins are taken by women of different ages for reasons that span birth control, to menopausal hormone therapies (MHT), to treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. However, exposure to exogenous progestins is associated with increased breast cancer

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Natalie Gava Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital
Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital
Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital

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Christine L. Clarke Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital
Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital

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Chris Bye Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital

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Karen Byth Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital
Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital

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Anna deFazio Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital
Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital
Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital

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Introduction Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the leading cause of death from gynecological malignancy in Western women, and is generally thought to arise in the ovarian epithelium either on the surface of the ovary or in inclusion cysts. However

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Joan S Lewis Department of Medicine and
Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey – Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute and
Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC 20057, USA
The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA

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T J Thomas Department of Medicine and
Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey – Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute and
Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC 20057, USA
The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA

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Richard G Pestell Department of Medicine and
Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey – Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute and
Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC 20057, USA
The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA

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Chris Albanese Department of Medicine and
Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey – Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute and
Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC 20057, USA
The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA

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Michael A Gallo Department of Medicine and
Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey – Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute and
Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC 20057, USA
The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA

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Thresia Thomas Department of Medicine and
Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey – Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute and
Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC 20057, USA
The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA

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Introduction The female sex hormone estradiol (E 2 ) plays a major role in the development and progression of breast cancer ( Henderson et al. 1988 , Russo et al. 2003 ). E 2 exerts its biologic effects through the estrogen

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Diego Russo
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Giuseppe Damante Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacobiologiche, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche, Università di Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy

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Efisio Puxeddu Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacobiologiche, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche, Università di Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy

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Cosimo Durante Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacobiologiche, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche, Università di Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy

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Sebastiano Filetti Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacobiologiche, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche, Università di Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy

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Introduction Progress in the field of thyroid cancer genetics has produced a novel class of drugs known as ‘targeted therapeutics’, which act selectively on cancer cells harboring particular genetic aberrations ( Sherman 2010 ), and these agents are

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