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Introduction Graves’ disease (GD) is an autoimmune thyroid disorder resulting from agonistic action of anti-thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor antibodies (TRAB) on the TSH receptors (TSHR), leading to thyroid hyperplasia and

Introduction Thyroid-specific genes, such as thyroid peroxidase (TPO), thyroglobulin (TG), Na + /I − symporter (NIS) and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) play fundamental roles in the functions of thyroid follicular cells

-binding domain (LBD), which undergoes a conformational change upon hormone binding. The TRs can bind to thyroid hormone response elements (TREs) either as a homodimer or as a heterodimer with retinoid X receptor (RXR). The association of these complexes with DNA

vivo by RA. Expression of TRα and TRβ in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) is sensitive to thyroid status ( Meier-Heusler et al. 1995 ). The RA nuclear receptors RARα, RARγ, RXRα and RXRβ have also been found in these cells ( Szabova

the first co-activators, such as steroid receptor co-activators 1–3 (SRC1–3, also known as NCOA1–3) and co-repressors: nuclear receptor co-repressor (NCoR or NCOR1) and silencing mediator of retinoic acid receptor and thyroid hormone receptor (SMRT or

hormone biosynthesis is known to be deregulated in thyroid cancer compared to normal thyroid tissue. The downregulation of the TSH receptor ( TSHR ), NIS , apical iodide transporter ( SLC5A8 ), thyroperoxidase ( TPO ), and thyroglobulin as well as

. 1997 ) capable of controlling the reproduction in lamprey and involved also in regulation of the thyroid hormones ( Youson & Sower 2001 ). A receptor for lamprey GnRH has also been isolated from the sea lamprey pituitary, its sequence determined, and

2006 ). Genes chosen for this study and that mediate somatic growth, development and thyroid and interrenal function were growth hormone ( gh ), growth hormone receptor ( ghr ), insulin-like growth factor-I ( igf1 ), insulin-like growth factor

transcript was identified in the lamprey testis tissue using RT-PCR. Detectable levels of the receptor transcript were also shown in brain, heart, intestine, kidney, liver, muscle, and thyroid as depicted in Fig. 2 . This figure shows the relative levels of

t value >32). (B) DNA results for GLP1 receptor expression. *Value below limit of quantification (581 RLU for human; 787 RLU for rat). Gene expression levels of GLP1R were below the limit of quantification for qRT-PCR in both rat and human thyroid