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Sufang Chen Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China

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Wei Wei Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Department of Bile Pancreatic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Minjie Chen Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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Xiaobo Qin Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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Lianglin Qiu Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, China

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Li Zhang Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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Yuhao Zhang Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Qi Cao Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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Zhekang Ying Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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on the role of TNF signaling in glucose metabolism. In the present study, we therefore examined the effect of TNFR1 and TNF/LT deficiency on glucose homeostasis and its regulatory components, with a focus on the GLP-1 system. Our results showed that

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Caroline M Gorvin Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK

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domain (ICD). Ionised calcium binds between the two lobes of the VFTD. In the presence of high calcium, the CASR is activated, leading to changes in its signal transduction and reduced PTH secretion. The CASR is a 1078-amino acid protein that

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Guillaume Pidoux Biotechnology Centre of Oslo and Centre for Molecular Medicine, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, PO Box 1125, Blindern, N-0317 Oslo, Norway

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Kjetil Taskén Biotechnology Centre of Oslo and Centre for Molecular Medicine, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, PO Box 1125, Blindern, N-0317 Oslo, Norway

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Introduction In multicellular organisms, cell signaling constitutes communication mechanisms between and inside cells to ensure coordinated behavior of the organism and to regulate various biological processes such as cell proliferation, development

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Andreas Hoeflich
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Maximilian Bielohuby Laboratory of Mouse Genetics, Neuroendocrine Unit, Research Unit Genetics and Biometry, Research Institute for the Biology of Farm Animals, FBN Dummerstorf, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany

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intracellular target in adrenal cells extracellular signal regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) have been demonstrated to affect cell proliferation ( Morooka & Nishida 1998 , Andreis et al . 2000 , Lepique et al . 2000 , Lotfi et al . 2000 , Whitworth et al

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Aurimas Vinckevicius Division of Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, Lurie 4-119, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA

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Debabrata Chakravarti Division of Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, Lurie 4-119, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA

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Introduction Hormones are important signaling molecules that facilitate intercellular communication and synchronization not only between adjacent cells (paracrine signaling) but also between distant organs in the body through endocrine signaling

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Richard C Lindsey Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, California, USA
Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA

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Charles H Rundle Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, California, USA
Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA

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Subburaman Mohan Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, California, USA
Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA

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network of signals regulating these cells and their functions is complex. Indeed, there are many growth factors that contribute to the regulation of skeletal development. Two growth factor signaling pathways that exert many effects on skeletal development

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Gábor Turu Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry and Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, PO Box 259, H-1444 Budapest, Hungary

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László Hunyady Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry and Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, PO Box 259, H-1444 Budapest, Hungary
Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry and Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, PO Box 259, H-1444 Budapest, Hungary

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this review is to discuss the intracellular mechanisms of the action of CB 1 R. After summarizing the available data about the G-protein activation and signal transduction of CB 1 R, this review also analyses recent data about dimerization or

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Martina Holubová Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic

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Lucie Hrubá Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic

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Barbora Neprašová Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic

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Zuzana Majerčíková Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic

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Zdeňka Lacinová Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

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Jaroslav Kuneš Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic

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Lenka Maletínská Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic

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Blanka Železná Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic

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et al . 2002 ). In DMH PrRP neurons, leptin activated signal transducer and activator of transcription protein 3 (STAT3) ( Takayanagi et al . 2008 ) while anorexigenic effect of leptin was impaired in PrRP- or GPR10-knockout mice ( Dodd & Luckman

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S Das Bone and Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK

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I Sepahi Bone and Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK

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A Duthie Bone and Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK

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S Clark Bone and Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK

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J C Crockett Bone and Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK

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the activation of downstream signal transduction ( Tartaglia & Goeddel 1992 ). Subsequently, it was established that TNFR could also self-assemble into trimers when overexpressed in the absence of ligand ( Boldin et al . 1995 ). These findings led to

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Yeon Jean Cho Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dong-A University, College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA

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Seung Hyun Lee Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dong-A University, College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea

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Jung Woo Park Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dong-A University, College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea

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Myoungseok Han Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dong-A University, College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea

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Mi Jin Park Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA

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Sang Jun Han Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA

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initiation and progression of endometriosis, the precise pathogenesis of endometriosis remains unknown. To help address this crucial question, we have summarized how the dysregulation of inflammation, apoptosis and oxidative stress signaling in immune cells

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