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Introduction An evolutionary trend among gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) proteins results in progressively decreased expression at the plasma membrane ( Janovick et al. 2003 , 2006 , Knollman et al. 2005 ). In
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Introduction The evolution of endocrine and neuronal melanocortin receptor (MCR)-mediated circuits has been shaped by the co-evolution of the MCR gene family, the proopiomelanocortin ( pomc ) gene, and the genes that code for polypeptides that
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. 1997 ) capable of controlling the reproduction in lamprey and involved also in regulation of the thyroid hormones ( Youson & Sower 2001 ). A receptor for lamprey GnRH has also been isolated from the sea lamprey pituitary, its sequence determined, and
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Introduction As transcription factors, nuclear receptors (NRs) bind directly to lipophilic ligands, such as steroids, thyroid hormone, retinoids, and dietary lipids, and respond by regulating gene expression programs ( Mangelsdorf & Evans 1995
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identified a complex array of transcription factors and associated DNA-regulatory elements which mediate basal, tissue-specific, and hormonally responsive expression of the gonadotropin subunits and the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-receptor gene
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resistance Mutation of insulin receptor Mutation of IGF1 receptor Production of anti-insulin receptor antibody Production of anti-IGF1 receptor antibody Obesity Malnutrition Aging Catabolic condition Diabetes Excess
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Brief overview of nuclear receptor signaling and drug targets Nuclear receptors (NRs) comprise a family of transcriptional regulators that control multiple physiological processes including growth, development, reproduction and metabolism through
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. Hence, the elucidation of the mechanisms involved in opioid activity should be considered a priority in this field of research. Although the main body of research on opioid receptors has been performed on mammalian models, the presence of opioids
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Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry and Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, PO Box 259, H-1444 Budapest, Hungary
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receptors, the CB 1 receptor (CB 1 R) and CB 2 receptor (CB 2 R; Matsuda et al . 1990 , Munro et al . 1993 ). Anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) have been identified as the major endocannabinoids, but other endocannabinoid mediators, including
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Introduction Steroid hormones, including androgens, progestins, estrogens, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids, regulate a wide variety of physiological processes by binding to their cognate receptors and are integral to
