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Introduction Oestrogen receptor alpha (ERα), as a measure of steroid hormone receptor status, is a currently accepted prognostic marker used to predict the response of an individual breast cancer to hormone therapy ( Pertschuk
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cancers ( Stern 2000 ) and has been repeatedly correlated with more malignant or advanced disease, poor prognosis and/or likely patient failure on endocrine therapy with the appearance of hormone independent growth ( Bundred 2001 ). 1
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severe side effects including coronary heart disease, stroke and increased invasive breast cancer risk ( Writing Group for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators 2002 , Million Women Study Collaborators 2003 , Krieger et al. 2005 , Vickers et
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coregulator that functions both as a coactivator and a corepressor ( Fig. 1 ). It was first identified in human breast cancer cells in a screen to identify interacting partners of the hormone-binding domain of oestrogen receptor α (ER) ( Cavailles et al
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Department of Pathology and Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), Department of Pathology, Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Lymphoma Unit, Hematopathology Section, University of Torino, Via Santena 7, Torino 10126, Italy
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Department of Pathology and Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), Department of Pathology, Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Lymphoma Unit, Hematopathology Section, University of Torino, Via Santena 7, Torino 10126, Italy
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inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMTs; Griffin et al . 1999 ), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL; Arber et al . 1996 ), and more recently, in several epithelial neoplasms, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC; Rikova et al . 2007 , Soda et
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Introduction Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women worldwide ( Ferlay et al. 2015 ). Over the past decades, substantial progress toward treatment of primary estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer has been made
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Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and, despite significant progress in detection and treatments, incidence has been steadily increasing in the last 40 years ( Torre et al. 2015 ). Over the past decades, it has become clear
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Introduction The frequency of breast cancer is escalating with improved life expectancy and the increased adoption of western lifestyles ( Jemal et al. 2011 , Ferlay et al. 2015 , Torre et al. 2015 ). Breast cancer is one of the most
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Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
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cells that possess it (such as cancer), while a constantly overwhelmed UPR leads to mass dysfunction and thus degeneration (such as loss of islets of Langerhans in diabetes) ( Doultsinos et al. 2017 ). The androgen receptor – a key player in
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The role of the insulin and insulin-like growth factor system in pancreatic cancer The human pancreas is a complex exocrine and endocrine gland with two vital functions: production of digestive juices and regulation of glucose metabolism. Its
