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Beatriz Gámez Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBELL, C/Feixa Llarga s/n, E-08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain

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Edgardo Rodriguez-Carballo Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBELL, C/Feixa Llarga s/n, E-08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain

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Francesc Ventura Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBELL, C/Feixa Llarga s/n, E-08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain

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throughout life ( Duong & Rodan 2001 , Karsenty & Wagner 2002 ). Recently, numerous studies have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) are important post-transcriptional regulators in virtually all biological processes ( Hobert 2008 ). The miRNA field has advanced

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Masaki Shiota Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan

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Akira Yokomizo Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan

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Seiji Naito Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan

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. Although the expression of proteins, including AR protein, is regulated by various steps (transcription, translation, and post-translational control), the transcriptional step is generally thought to play a critical role in gene expression. In addition, AR

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M J Moreno-Aliaga Department of Physiology and Nutrition, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA

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M M Swarbrick Department of Physiology and Nutrition, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA

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S Lorente-Cebrián Department of Physiology and Nutrition, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA

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K L Stanhope Department of Physiology and Nutrition, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA

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P J Havel Department of Physiology and Nutrition, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA

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J A Martínez Department of Physiology and Nutrition, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA

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required for insulin-mediated leptin secretion ( Mueller et al. 2000 ). We have also demonstrated that insulin-mediated glucose metabolism is involved in the activation of the leptin promoter transcription by glucose and insulin in 3T3-L1 cells ( Moreno

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Anke Schennink
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Josephine F Trott
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Bradley A Freking Department of Animal Science, USDA, University of California Davis, 2335 Meyer Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA

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Russell C Hovey
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the cytotoxic action of anti-cancer drugs and reduces PRL-induced cell survival ( Howell et al . 2008 ). Expression of the PRLR across various tissues and physiological states is under complex transcriptional regulation. Six alternative non

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Wen-Li Zhao The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China

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Chun-Yan Liu The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China

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Wen Liu The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China

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Di Wang The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China

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Jin-Xing Wang The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China

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Xiao-Fan Zhao The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China

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insects have attained an appropriate stage ( Riddiford et al . 2003 ). The hormone 20E binds to its nuclear receptor EcR and forms a transcription complex with the heterodimeric partner ultraspiracle protein (USP) in Drosophila ( Yao et al . 1992

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Adrien Georges CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013 Paris, France
CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013 Paris, France

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Aurelie Auguste CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013 Paris, France
CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013 Paris, France

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Laurianne Bessière CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013 Paris, France
CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013 Paris, France

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Anne Vanet CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013 Paris, France
CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013 Paris, France

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Anne-Laure Todeschini CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013 Paris, France
CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013 Paris, France

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Reiner A Veitia CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013 Paris, France
CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013 Paris, France

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integrate this information at the transcriptional level is still poorly understood. For example, the reasons why GCs become dependent on FSH for their proliferation at the antral stage or the precise mechanisms by which the FSH/LH surge triggers ovulation

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Dawn X Zhang Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA

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Christopher K Glass Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA

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Introduction A central question in molecular endocrinology is how a single hormone-responsive transcription factor, reading the same DNA template, is capable of regulating different genes in different cell types. For example, activation of the

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Tina Di Palma
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Tiziana de Cristofaro
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Chiara D'Ambrosio Department di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale ‘G. Salvatore’-CNR, Universita' di Napoli Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy

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Dolores Del Prete
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Andrea Scaloni Department di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale ‘G. Salvatore’-CNR, Universita' di Napoli Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy

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Mariastella Zannini
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Introduction Transcription factors act in a combinatorial fashion with an intricate array of co-regulators and with the general transcriptional machinery to allow tissue-specific gene expression and gene activation pathways. The interplay between

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M Egea Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

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I Metón Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

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I V Baanante Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

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biotin also stimulate GCK transcription, but to a lesser extent than insulin ( Iynedjian et al. 1989 , Magnuson et al. 1989 , Magnuson 1990 , Narkewicz et al. 1990 , Chauhan & Dakshinamurti 1991 , Iynedjian 1993 ). The stimulatory effect of

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Katharine B Lee Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3G 1Y6
Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council and The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA
Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA

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Vishal Khivansara Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3G 1Y6
Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council and The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA
Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA

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Michelle M Santos Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3G 1Y6
Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council and The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA
Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA

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Pankaj Lamba Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3G 1Y6
Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council and The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA
Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA

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Tony Yuen Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3G 1Y6
Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council and The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA
Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA

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Stuart C Sealfon Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3G 1Y6
Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council and The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA
Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA

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Daniel J Bernard Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3G 1Y6
Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council and The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA
Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA

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) transcription, at least in part, through the activation of the receptor-regulated signaling proteins, Smads 2 and 3 ( Dupont et al. 2003 , Suszko et al. 2003 , Bernard 2004 , Gregory et al. 2005 , Suszko et al. 2005 , Lamba et al. 2006 ). In the

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