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S Kerkhofs Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, PO Box 901, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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S Denayer Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, PO Box 901, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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A Haelens Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, PO Box 901, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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F Claessens Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, PO Box 901, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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Introduction Androgens are steroid hormones, which play an important role in the development and maintenance of male characteristics. The two most important androgens are testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Each of them plays a distinct

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Shannon E Mullican Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA

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Joanna R DiSpirito Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA

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Mitchell A Lazar Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA

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Introduction In the late 1980s the observation that the steroid hormone receptors shared highly conserved domains encouraged researchers to search for additional members of the nuclear receptor (NR) family ( Mangelsdorf et al . 1995 , Giguère 1999

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M Hołysz Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Swiecickiego St., 60-781 Poznan, Poland

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N Derebecka-Hołysz Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Swiecickiego St., 60-781 Poznan, Poland

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W H Trzeciak Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Swiecickiego St., 60-781 Poznan, Poland

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Introduction Steroid hormone synthesis in the adrenal cortex requires a continuous supply of free cholesterol. However, endogenous synthesis provides only about 20% of the cholesterol required for corticosteroid formation ( Kraemer 2007 ), the main

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Robin Haring Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

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Henri Wallaschofski Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

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Alexander Teumer Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

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Heyo Kroemer Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

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Angela E Taylor Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

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Cedric H L Shackleton Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

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Matthias Nauck Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

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Uwe Völker Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

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Georg Homuth Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

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Wiebke Arlt Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

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Introduction DHEAS is the most abundant steroid in human circulation and represents the conjugated, nonactive excretion form of DHEA, which acts as the universal sex steroid precursor and the major source of androgens in women ( Arlt et al . 1999

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J J Brosens Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 ONN, United Kingdom
Endokrinologikum Hamburg, Falkenried 88, 20251 Hamburg, Germany

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B Gellersen Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 ONN, United Kingdom
Endokrinologikum Hamburg, Falkenried 88, 20251 Hamburg, Germany

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with multiple club-shaped projections arising from their cell surface ( Wynn 1974 ). In pregnancy, the endometrium is under the continued support of steroid hormones as well as blastocyst-derived signals such as human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). This

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Junhui Zhang
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Francis T F Tsai
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David S Geller
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Introduction Steroid hormones, including androgens, progestins, estrogens, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids, regulate a wide variety of physiological processes by binding to their cognate receptors and are integral to

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Andrea Weckman
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Antonio Di Ieva
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Fabio Rotondo Division of Neurosurgery, Division of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neurooncology, Department of Surgery, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Luis V Syro Division of Neurosurgery, Division of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neurooncology, Department of Surgery, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Leon D Ortiz Division of Neurosurgery, Division of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neurooncology, Department of Surgery, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Kalman Kovacs Division of Neurosurgery, Division of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neurooncology, Department of Surgery, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Michael D Cusimano
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direct fusion of secretory granules with lysosomes; 2) as steroids are not stored in secretory granules, in steroid-secreting endocrine cells, crinophagy does not exist and macroautophagy is the predominant control mechanism of intracellular hormone

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Alexander V Sirotkin Institute of Genetics and Reproduction, Constantine the Philosopher University, Altogen Biosystems, Polyclinics and Hospital of Nitra, Animal Production Research Centre, Hlohovecká 2, 951 41 Lužianky near Nitra, Slovakia
Institute of Genetics and Reproduction, Constantine the Philosopher University, Altogen Biosystems, Polyclinics and Hospital of Nitra, Animal Production Research Centre, Hlohovecká 2, 951 41 Lužianky near Nitra, Slovakia

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Dmitriy Ovcharenko Institute of Genetics and Reproduction, Constantine the Philosopher University, Altogen Biosystems, Polyclinics and Hospital of Nitra, Animal Production Research Centre, Hlohovecká 2, 951 41 Lužianky near Nitra, Slovakia

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Milos Mlyncek Institute of Genetics and Reproduction, Constantine the Philosopher University, Altogen Biosystems, Polyclinics and Hospital of Nitra, Animal Production Research Centre, Hlohovecká 2, 951 41 Lužianky near Nitra, Slovakia

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. 2007 , Sawada et al . 2007 , Wang & Tsang 2007 ). The most well-characterized ovarian hormones include steroids, especially progesterone (P 4 ), and peptide insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1). These hormones control a wide array of reproductive

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J J Allen Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA

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S L Herrick Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA

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J E Fortune Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA

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about the mechanisms that regulate steroidogenesis during fetal life, particularly at this critical time of development. In adult mammalian ovaries, the production of sex steroids from cholesterol is regulated by the gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone

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Gerald Thiel Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Saarland Medical Center, Building 44, D-66421 Homburg, Germany

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Isabelle Müller Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Saarland Medical Center, Building 44, D-66421 Homburg, Germany

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Oliver G Rössler Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Saarland Medical Center, Building 44, D-66421 Homburg, Germany

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stimulates TRPM3 channel activity is the basis for the hypothesis that TRPM3 functions as an ionotropic steroid receptor of pancreatic β-cells linking insulin release with steroid hormone signaling ( Frühwald et al . 2012 ). Pregnenolone sulfate: a ligand

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