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Jason F Ohlstein Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-99, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA

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Amy L Strong Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-99, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA

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John A McLachlan Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-99, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA

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Jeffrey M Gimble Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-99, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA

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Matthew E Burow Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-99, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA

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Bruce A Bunnell Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-99, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-99, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA

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− , CD45 − , and CD11b − ), and capacity to differentiate into either adipocytes or osteoblasts as described previously ( Strong et al . 2012 , 2013 , Bourin et al . 2013 ). Cell culture ASCs were cultured on 150 cm 2 culture dishes (Nunc, Rochester

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Kathryn L Auld
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Stephen P Berasi Pfizer Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer Oncology Research and Development, Former Wyeth Colleagues, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

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Yan Liu Pfizer Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer Oncology Research and Development, Former Wyeth Colleagues, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

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Michael Cain Pfizer Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer Oncology Research and Development, Former Wyeth Colleagues, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

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Ying Zhang Pfizer Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer Oncology Research and Development, Former Wyeth Colleagues, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

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Christine Huard Pfizer Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer Oncology Research and Development, Former Wyeth Colleagues, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

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Shoichi Fukayama Pfizer Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer Oncology Research and Development, Former Wyeth Colleagues, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

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Jing Zhang
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Sung Choe
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Wenyan Zhong Pfizer Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer Oncology Research and Development, Former Wyeth Colleagues, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

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Bheem M Bhat Pfizer Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer Oncology Research and Development, Former Wyeth Colleagues, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

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Ramesh A Bhat Pfizer Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer Oncology Research and Development, Former Wyeth Colleagues, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

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Eugene L Brown Pfizer Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer Oncology Research and Development, Former Wyeth Colleagues, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

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Robert V Martinez Pfizer Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer Oncology Research and Development, Former Wyeth Colleagues, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

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expressed during the formation of ossification zones during mouse development in vivo as well as in vitro in primary rat calvarial (RC) cells ( Bonnelye et al . 1997 , 2001 ). Inhibiting ERRα blocks differentiation of RC cells into mature osteoblasts

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Su M Hlaing Departments of Internal Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA

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Leah A Garcia Departments of Internal Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA

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Jaime R Contreras Departments of Internal Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA

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Keith C Norris Departments of Internal Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA

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Monica G Ferrini Departments of Internal Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA
Departments of Internal Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA
Departments of Internal Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA

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Jorge N Artaza Departments of Internal Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA
Departments of Internal Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA
Departments of Internal Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA
Departments of Internal Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA

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,25-D 3 may also have a direct effect on the vasculature fibrotic response to injury ( Artaza et al . 2009 ). Even though most evidence indicates an adverse effect of low vitamin D levels on CVD, the role of 1,25-D 3 in cardiac cell differentiation

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Yiyan Wang Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China

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Xiaoheng Li Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China

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Fei Ge Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China

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Kaiming Yuan Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China

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Zhijian Su Institutes of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China

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Guimin Wang Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China

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Qingquan Lian Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China

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Ren-Shan Ge Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China

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-day-old) rat testis ( Ge et al . 2006 ) and are shown to have the capability of self-renewing or differentiating into androgen-producing Leydig cell lineage. The first cell seen in the Leydig cell lineage is the spindle-shaped progenitor Leydig cell

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Endong Zhu
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Juanjuan Zhang
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Jie Zhou
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Hairui Yuan
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Wei Zhao
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Baoli Wang Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China

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Introduction Bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs) in culture can differentiate into several distinct cell lineages, including adipocytes, osteoblastes or chondrocytes ( Pittenger et al . 1999 , Caplan & Brude 2001 ). There are two major

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Yingyu Feng Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China

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Lei Su Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China

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Xing Zhong Department of Endocrinology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China

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Wei Guohong Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China

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Haipeng Xiao Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China

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Yanbing Li Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China

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Lingling Xiu Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China

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were treated with 0.25% trypsin and transferred to fresh culture flasks at 1:2 ratio. Differentiation of osteoblastic cells When the cells reached 80% confluence after 2 or 3 days of culture, they were induced to undergo differentiation using

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Kei Tamura Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan

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Shutaro Takayama Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan

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Takako Ishii Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan

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Shuuji Mawaribuchi Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan

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Nobuhiko Takamatsu Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan

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Michihiko Ito Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minamiku, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan

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tadpole-tail-derived cell line, XL-B4. Because the cells expressed myoblastic cell marker genes, we confirmed that the cells could differentiate into myotubes in vitro . Moreover, the cells differentiated into myotubes when transplanted into tadpole tails

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Sonia Ciarmatori University Children’s Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 153, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

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Daniela Kiepe University Children’s Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 153, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

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Anke Haarmann University Children’s Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 153, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

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Ulrike Huegel University Children’s Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 153, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

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Burkhard Tönshoff University Children’s Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 153, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

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Introduction The growth plate is a dynamic tissue in which cells undergo a developmental program from resting cells to proliferation, maturation, and hypertrophy, until they reach terminal differentiation and produce the mineralized

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S Viengchareun
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H Bouzinba-Segard
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J-P Laigneau
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M-C Zennaro
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P A Kelly
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A Bado
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M Lombès
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N Binart
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differentiating into mature brown adipocytes upon insulin and triiodothyronine (T3) exposure as assessed by their ability to display multilocular intracytoplasmic lipid droplets and by the occurrence of specific adipogenic gene activation ( Penfornis et al. 2000

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S Kuntz EA 3442: Aspects Cellulaires et Moléculaires de la Reproduction et du Développement, Université Henri Poincaré-Nancy 1, Faculté des Sciences, BP239, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, 54506 Vandœuvre lès nancy CEDEX, France

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D Chardard EA 3442: Aspects Cellulaires et Moléculaires de la Reproduction et du Développement, Université Henri Poincaré-Nancy 1, Faculté des Sciences, BP239, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, 54506 Vandœuvre lès nancy CEDEX, France

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C-I Ko EA 3442: Aspects Cellulaires et Moléculaires de la Reproduction et du Développement, Université Henri Poincaré-Nancy 1, Faculté des Sciences, BP239, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, 54506 Vandœuvre lès nancy CEDEX, France

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H Dumond EA 3442: Aspects Cellulaires et Moléculaires de la Reproduction et du Développement, Université Henri Poincaré-Nancy 1, Faculté des Sciences, BP239, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, 54506 Vandœuvre lès nancy CEDEX, France

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M Ducatez EA 3442: Aspects Cellulaires et Moléculaires de la Reproduction et du Développement, Université Henri Poincaré-Nancy 1, Faculté des Sciences, BP239, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, 54506 Vandœuvre lès nancy CEDEX, France

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M Callier EA 3442: Aspects Cellulaires et Moléculaires de la Reproduction et du Développement, Université Henri Poincaré-Nancy 1, Faculté des Sciences, BP239, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, 54506 Vandœuvre lès nancy CEDEX, France

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S Flament EA 3442: Aspects Cellulaires et Moléculaires de la Reproduction et du Développement, Université Henri Poincaré-Nancy 1, Faculté des Sciences, BP239, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, 54506 Vandœuvre lès nancy CEDEX, France

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A Chesnel EA 3442: Aspects Cellulaires et Moléculaires de la Reproduction et du Développement, Université Henri Poincaré-Nancy 1, Faculté des Sciences, BP239, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, 54506 Vandœuvre lès nancy CEDEX, France

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undifferentiated stage ( Ikeda et al. 1994 ), leading to adrenal formation and gonadal differentiation ( Schnabel et al. 2003 ). At a later stage of development, as histologic sex differentiation of the gonad begins, several vertebrate species exhibit a

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