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Fraydoon Rastinejad Metabolic Signaling and Disease Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, Florida 32827, USA

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Pengxiang Huang Metabolic Signaling and Disease Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, Florida 32827, USA

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Vikas Chandra Metabolic Signaling and Disease Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, Florida 32827, USA

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Sepideh Khorasanizadeh Metabolic Signaling and Disease Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, Florida 32827, USA

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-residue region with two zinc-binding modules. This domain is responsible for the recognition of hexameric DNA half sites. Shown on the left are the core DBD structures of RXR (blue) and RAR (red) superimposed. The C-terminal extension (CTE) of the DBD

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Lorraine J Gudas Department of Pharmacology, and Revlon Pharmaceutical Professor of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmacology Department, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, and the Meyer Cancer Center of Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA

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bound to the RARs, often turning the RARs, which are dimerized with retinoid X receptors (RXRs) α, β, and γ, from repressors to activators of transcription ( Nagy & Schwabe 2004 ). Transcriptional activation takes place via binding of the RA-bound RARs

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Albane le Maire CBS (Centre de Biologie Structurale), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France

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Martial Rey Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS USR2000, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, Paris, France

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Valérie Vivat IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), Univ Strasbourg, CNRS, Inserm, Illkirch, France

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Laura Guée CBS (Centre de Biologie Structurale), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France

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Pauline Blanc CBS (Centre de Biologie Structurale), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France

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Christian Malosse Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS USR2000, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, Paris, France

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Julia Chamot-Rooke Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS USR2000, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, Paris, France

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Pierre Germain CBS (Centre de Biologie Structurale), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France

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William Bourguet CBS (Centre de Biologie Structurale), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France

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parts of the brain. By virtue of their ability to form heterodimers with other NRs such as retinoic acid (RARs), thyroid hormone (TRs), peroxisome proliferator-activated (PPARs), or vitamin D3 receptors, RXRs control a variety of pathophysiological

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Magda A Meester-Smoor Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC-Josephine Nefkens Institute, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 332 North Lauderdale, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA

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Anco C Molijn Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC-Josephine Nefkens Institute, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 332 North Lauderdale, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA

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Yixian Zhao Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC-Josephine Nefkens Institute, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 332 North Lauderdale, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA

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Nicole A Groen Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC-Josephine Nefkens Institute, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 332 North Lauderdale, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA

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Cora A H Groffen Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC-Josephine Nefkens Institute, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 332 North Lauderdale, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA

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Merel Boogaard Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC-Josephine Nefkens Institute, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 332 North Lauderdale, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA

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Diny van Dalsum-Verbiest Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC-Josephine Nefkens Institute, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 332 North Lauderdale, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA

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Gerard C Grosveld Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC-Josephine Nefkens Institute, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 332 North Lauderdale, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA

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Ellen C Zwarthoff Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC-Josephine Nefkens Institute, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 332 North Lauderdale, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA

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progesterone receptor (PR; Boonyaratanakornkit et al. 1999 ), the retinoic acid receptor (RAR; Cesi et al. 2004 , 2005 ), the glucocorticoid receptor ( Gabbitas et al. 1996 ), activator protein-2 (AP-2) ( Duan & Clemmons 1995 ) and Myb ( Tanno et al

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Victoria Korsos Division of Hematology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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Wilson H Miller Jr Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, Canada

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colleagues and Petkovich and colleagues first reported the discovery of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) ( Giguere et al. 1987 , Petkovich et al. 1987 ). This discovery provided molecular tools necessary to further the diagnosis and monitoring of APL

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Francesca Moramarco Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK

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Peter McCaffery Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK

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. 2018 ), and reproductive systems ( Schleif et al. 2022 ). In the adult brain, transcription mediated by RA activation of RARs and RXRs is widely associated with neuroplasticity mechanisms, in particular control of LTP and LTD, and plays an essential

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Michael D Griswold School of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA

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premeiotic germ cells ( Huggenvik & Griswold 1981 , Ong et al. 1987 ). The testis cells express the known retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs) ( Griswold et al. 1989 , Eskild et al. 1991 , van Pelt et al. 1992 , Akmal et

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D Bouton INSERM U 547, Institut Pasteur, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019-Lille, France
CNRS UMR 49, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364-Lyon, France
INSERM U 545 Institut Pasteur, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019-Lille, France
Laboratoire d’Écologie Microbienne de la Rhizosphère (LEMiR), Département d’Écophysiologie Végétale et de Microbiologie (DEVM), CEA Cadarache, 13108 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France

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H Escriva INSERM U 547, Institut Pasteur, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019-Lille, France
CNRS UMR 49, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364-Lyon, France
INSERM U 545 Institut Pasteur, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019-Lille, France
Laboratoire d’Écologie Microbienne de la Rhizosphère (LEMiR), Département d’Écophysiologie Végétale et de Microbiologie (DEVM), CEA Cadarache, 13108 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France

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R L de Mendonça INSERM U 547, Institut Pasteur, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019-Lille, France
CNRS UMR 49, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364-Lyon, France
INSERM U 545 Institut Pasteur, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019-Lille, France
Laboratoire d’Écologie Microbienne de la Rhizosphère (LEMiR), Département d’Écophysiologie Végétale et de Microbiologie (DEVM), CEA Cadarache, 13108 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France

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C Glineur INSERM U 547, Institut Pasteur, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019-Lille, France
CNRS UMR 49, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364-Lyon, France
INSERM U 545 Institut Pasteur, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019-Lille, France
Laboratoire d’Écologie Microbienne de la Rhizosphère (LEMiR), Département d’Écophysiologie Végétale et de Microbiologie (DEVM), CEA Cadarache, 13108 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France

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B Bertin INSERM U 547, Institut Pasteur, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019-Lille, France
CNRS UMR 49, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364-Lyon, France
INSERM U 545 Institut Pasteur, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019-Lille, France
Laboratoire d’Écologie Microbienne de la Rhizosphère (LEMiR), Département d’Écophysiologie Végétale et de Microbiologie (DEVM), CEA Cadarache, 13108 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France

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C Noël INSERM U 547, Institut Pasteur, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019-Lille, France
CNRS UMR 49, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364-Lyon, France
INSERM U 545 Institut Pasteur, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019-Lille, France
Laboratoire d’Écologie Microbienne de la Rhizosphère (LEMiR), Département d’Écophysiologie Végétale et de Microbiologie (DEVM), CEA Cadarache, 13108 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France

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M Robinson-Rechavi INSERM U 547, Institut Pasteur, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019-Lille, France
CNRS UMR 49, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364-Lyon, France
INSERM U 545 Institut Pasteur, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019-Lille, France
Laboratoire d’Écologie Microbienne de la Rhizosphère (LEMiR), Département d’Écophysiologie Végétale et de Microbiologie (DEVM), CEA Cadarache, 13108 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France

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A de Groot INSERM U 547, Institut Pasteur, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019-Lille, France
CNRS UMR 49, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364-Lyon, France
INSERM U 545 Institut Pasteur, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019-Lille, France
Laboratoire d’Écologie Microbienne de la Rhizosphère (LEMiR), Département d’Écophysiologie Végétale et de Microbiologie (DEVM), CEA Cadarache, 13108 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France

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J Cornette INSERM U 547, Institut Pasteur, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019-Lille, France
CNRS UMR 49, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364-Lyon, France
INSERM U 545 Institut Pasteur, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019-Lille, France
Laboratoire d’Écologie Microbienne de la Rhizosphère (LEMiR), Département d’Écophysiologie Végétale et de Microbiologie (DEVM), CEA Cadarache, 13108 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France

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V Laudet INSERM U 547, Institut Pasteur, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019-Lille, France
CNRS UMR 49, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364-Lyon, France
INSERM U 545 Institut Pasteur, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019-Lille, France
Laboratoire d’Écologie Microbienne de la Rhizosphère (LEMiR), Département d’Écophysiologie Végétale et de Microbiologie (DEVM), CEA Cadarache, 13108 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France

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R J Pierce INSERM U 547, Institut Pasteur, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019-Lille, France
CNRS UMR 49, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364-Lyon, France
INSERM U 545 Institut Pasteur, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019-Lille, France
Laboratoire d’Écologie Microbienne de la Rhizosphère (LEMiR), Département d’Écophysiologie Végétale et de Microbiologie (DEVM), CEA Cadarache, 13108 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France

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receptors RXR α, β and γ, which bind 9- cis RA. The latter play a central role in a variety of nuclear signaling pathways ( Mangelsdorf & Evans 1995 ) and, in vertebrates, modulate the activities of other nuclear receptors (including RAR, the vitamin D

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S M Jeyakumar Department of Biochemistry,
Department of Pathology,
National Centre for Laboratory Animal Sciences, National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-Osmania PO, Hyderabad-500 007, Andhra Pradesh, India

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A Vajreswari Department of Biochemistry,
Department of Pathology,
National Centre for Laboratory Animal Sciences, National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-Osmania PO, Hyderabad-500 007, Andhra Pradesh, India

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B Sesikeran Department of Biochemistry,
Department of Pathology,
National Centre for Laboratory Animal Sciences, National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-Osmania PO, Hyderabad-500 007, Andhra Pradesh, India

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N V Giridharan Department of Biochemistry,
Department of Pathology,
National Centre for Laboratory Animal Sciences, National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-Osmania PO, Hyderabad-500 007, Andhra Pradesh, India

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subfamilies, namely RA receptor (RAR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) ( Bonet et al. 2003 ). It is very well documented that vitamin A and its active metabolite RA are positive regulators of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) ( Kumar & Scarpace 1998 , Bonet et al

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L Quignodon
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C Legrand
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N Allioli
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A Guadaño-Ferraz
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J Bernal
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J Samarut
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F Flamant
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-NheI restriction fragment of pFIND-RA, reporting for retinoids, containing most of the Gal4-RAR reading frame ( Mata De Urquiza et al. 1999 ) by the equivalent portion (XhoI-XbaI) of Gal4-TRα( Flamant & Samarut 1998 ). pFIND-T3 was transfected together with pBKS

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