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A S R Araujo
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P Schenkel
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A T Enzveiler
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T R G Fernandes
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W A Partata
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S Llesuy Departamento de Fisiologia, Cátedra de Química General y Inorgánica, Medical Sciences Division, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, CEP 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

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M F M Ribeiro
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N Khaper Departamento de Fisiologia, Cátedra de Química General y Inorgánica, Medical Sciences Division, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, CEP 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

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P K Singal Departamento de Fisiologia, Cátedra de Química General y Inorgánica, Medical Sciences Division, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, CEP 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

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A Belló-Klein
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supernatant and the vitamin C standard solution (diluted in 50 mmol/l oxalic acid solution) were measured at 700 nm ( Kyaw 1978 ). TRAP TRAP, which indicates the total antioxidant capacity present in a homogenate, was measured by chemiluminescence using 2

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Sang R Lee College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

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Mi-Young Park College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

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Hyun Yang Korean Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

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Geun-Shik Lee College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea

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Beum-Soo An Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea

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Bae-kuen Park College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

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Eui-Bae Jeung College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea

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Eui-Ju Hong College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

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have a significant role in the homeostasis of the body. While estrogen deficiency has been shown to be involved in the osteoporosis related to calcium and vitamin D ( Morris et al . 2010 ), studies have also indicated that androgens can act in concert

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Cynthia S Ritter Renal Division, Washington University School of Medicine, PO Box 8126, 660 South Euclid, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA

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Alex J Brown Renal Division, Washington University School of Medicine, PO Box 8126, 660 South Euclid, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA

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have been tested directly in parathyroid cells. The first model proposes that 1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 -bound vitamin D receptor (VDR) binds to a negative vitamin D response element (VDRE) in the human PTH promoter, although the binding partner, if present, is

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I Hendrix Hanson Institute, Frome Rd, Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia
School of Molecular and Medical Bioscience, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, SA, Australia
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-5221, USA

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P H Anderson Hanson Institute, Frome Rd, Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia
School of Molecular and Medical Bioscience, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, SA, Australia
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-5221, USA

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J L Omdahl Hanson Institute, Frome Rd, Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia
School of Molecular and Medical Bioscience, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, SA, Australia
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-5221, USA

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B K May Hanson Institute, Frome Rd, Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia
School of Molecular and Medical Bioscience, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, SA, Australia
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-5221, USA

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H A Morris Hanson Institute, Frome Rd, Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia
School of Molecular and Medical Bioscience, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, SA, Australia
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-5221, USA

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inhibitory fashion to lower renal CYP27B1 through a recently identified vitamin D receptor (VDR)-dependent mechanism in the 5′-flanking region of the CYP27B1 gene ( Brenza & DeLuca 2000 , Murayama et al. 2004 ). Overproduction of 1,25D by the kidney is

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Su M Hlaing Departments of Internal Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA

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Leah A Garcia Departments of Internal Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA

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Jaime R Contreras Departments of Internal Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA

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Keith C Norris Departments of Internal Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA

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Monica G Ferrini Departments of Internal Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA
Departments of Internal Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA
Departments of Internal Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA

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Jorge N Artaza Departments of Internal Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA
Departments of Internal Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA
Departments of Internal Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA
Departments of Internal Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA

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, Wang et al . 2008 , van Holten et al . 2013 ). In addition, vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in heart failure (HF) patients, being a significant predictor of reduced survival, whereas supplementation was associated with an improved outcome

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Kenneth R McGaffin Vincent T Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3900 Reservoir Road, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007

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Susan A Chrysogelos Vincent T Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3900 Reservoir Road, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007

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the greatest amount of growth inhibition when treated with 1μM of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or analog C (a 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analog with chemical name 1α,25-(OH)2–16-en-23-yn-26,27-F6-vitamin D3). In contrast, those cell lines with higher levels

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Martin Petkovich Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

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Pierre Chambon Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (I.G.B.M.C.), Illkirch, France

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Introduction Up until the very end of 1987, it was not understood how vitamin A which had a well-defined role as the retinal chromophore in vision also exerted its effects on cell growth, differentiation, and pattern formation. The broad

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Vincent Giguère Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada

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Ronald M Evans The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA

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, progesterone, vitamin D 3 , and orphan receptors without known ligands, all sharing a common structure and functional domains, led to the surreal concept of a genomic superfamily of ligand-responsive transcription factors and the potential existence of

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Amadeo Muñoz Garcia Department of Bioinformatics – BiGCaT, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Metabolism in Translational Research, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Martina Kutmon Department of Bioinformatics – BiGCaT, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Metabolism in Translational Research, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
Maastricht Centre for System Biology (MaCSBio), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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Lars Eijssen Department of Bioinformatics – BiGCaT, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Metabolism in Translational Research, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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Martin Hewison Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Chris T Evelo Department of Bioinformatics – BiGCaT, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Metabolism in Translational Research, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
Maastricht Centre for System Biology (MaCSBio), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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Susan L Coort Department of Bioinformatics – BiGCaT, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Metabolism in Translational Research, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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-skeletal effects is the interaction between vitamin D and the immune system, including regulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses ( Adams & Hewison 2008 , Hewison 2011 , Wei & Christakos 2015 ). As a consequence of these observations, vitamin D

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Eiji Munetsuna
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Sachie Nakabayashi
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Rie Kawanami
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Kaori Yasuda
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Miho Ohta Department of Biotechnology, Development Nourishment Department, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan

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Midori A Arai Department of Biotechnology, Development Nourishment Department, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan

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Atsushi Kittaka Department of Biotechnology, Development Nourishment Department, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan

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Tai C Chen Department of Biotechnology, Development Nourishment Department, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan

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Masaki Kamakura
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Shinichi Ikushiro
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Toshiyuki Sakaki
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nucleus ( Racz & Barsony 1999 , Prufer & Barsony 2002 ). The heterodimer associates with vitamin D-responsive elements in the promoter of vitamin D target genes such as 24-hydroxylase ( cyp24A1 ; Zierold et al . 1995 , Dusso et al . 2005 ). Some 19

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