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Caroline M Gorvin Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK

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Discovery of the calcium-sensing receptor The significance of the parathyroid in calcium homeostasis has been recognised for more than 100 years. Early investigations demonstrated that removal of the parathyroid glands induces acute

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Aqfan Jamaluddin Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) and Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Birmingham, UK

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Caroline M Gorvin Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) and Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Birmingham, UK

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-coupled receptor (GPCR), calcium-sensing receptor, and its role in calcium homeostasis. Caroline moved to the IMSR in 2018 to establish her research group investigating metabolic GPCRs. Her current research focusses on how metabolic GPCRs cross-talk and interact to

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Hasnat Ali Abid Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Asuka Inoue Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan

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Caroline M Gorvin Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, UK

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Introduction The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a class C homo-dimeric G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that plays a fundamental role in extracellular calcium (Ca 2+ e ) homeostasis by regulating parathyroid hormone (PTH) release and

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Prasenjit Dey Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, 3605 Cullen Blvd, Science and Engineering Research Center Bldg 545, Houston, Texas 77204-5056, USA

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Rodrigo P A Barros Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, 3605 Cullen Blvd, Science and Engineering Research Center Bldg 545, Houston, Texas 77204-5056, USA

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Margaret Warner Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, 3605 Cullen Blvd, Science and Engineering Research Center Bldg 545, Houston, Texas 77204-5056, USA

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Anders Ström Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, 3605 Cullen Blvd, Science and Engineering Research Center Bldg 545, Houston, Texas 77204-5056, USA

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Jan-Åke Gustafsson Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, 3605 Cullen Blvd, Science and Engineering Research Center Bldg 545, Houston, Texas 77204-5056, USA
Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, 3605 Cullen Blvd, Science and Engineering Research Center Bldg 545, Houston, Texas 77204-5056, USA

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. 2012 ), and brain ( Boon et al . 2010 ). The classical actions of estrogen are mainly mediated via the two nuclear estrogen receptors (ERs), ERα and ERβ, both of which bind to E 2 with high affinity in the low nM range. Two metabolites of E 2

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Bjarne Faurholm MRC/UCT Research Group for Receptor Biology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, The Queens Medical Research Institute, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 44TJ, UK

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Shaun Cochrane MRC/UCT Research Group for Receptor Biology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, The Queens Medical Research Institute, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 44TJ, UK

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Robert R Millar MRC/UCT Research Group for Receptor Biology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, The Queens Medical Research Institute, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 44TJ, UK

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Arieh A Katz MRC/UCT Research Group for Receptor Biology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, The Queens Medical Research Institute, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 44TJ, UK

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its cognate type I GnRH receptor (GnRH-R) on the pituitary gonadotrophs and controlling the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH; Conn & Crowley 1994 , Millar 2003 ). The second form, designated GnRH II is

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Caroline M Gorvin Academic Endocrine Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) & Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Paul J Newey Academic Endocrine Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Division of Molecular & Clinical Medicine (MCM), University of Dundee, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Dundee, UK

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Rajesh V Thakker Academic Endocrine Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Introduction The prolactin receptor (PRLR), and its ligand, the hormone prolactin (PRL) are reported to have diverse roles that include induction and maintenance of lactation in the peripartum and postpartum periods ( Ben-Jonathan et al

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Kate E Lines Academic Endocrine Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford,UK

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Anna K Gluck Academic Endocrine Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford,UK

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Supat Thongjuea Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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Chas Bountra Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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Rajesh V Thakker Academic Endocrine Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford,UK

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Caroline M Gorvin Academic Endocrine Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford,UK
Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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was the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) (Supplementary Table 1, see section on supplementary materials given at the end of this article). The CaSR is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is widely expressed and has calcitropic roles, that is

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J C R Cardoso Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-810 Faro, Portugal
British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
UPRES Biodiversité, Faculté des Sciences St Charles, 3 Place Victor Hugo, case 17, 13331 Marseilles cedex 3, France

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M S Clark Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-810 Faro, Portugal
British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
UPRES Biodiversité, Faculté des Sciences St Charles, 3 Place Victor Hugo, case 17, 13331 Marseilles cedex 3, France

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F A Viera Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-810 Faro, Portugal
British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
UPRES Biodiversité, Faculté des Sciences St Charles, 3 Place Victor Hugo, case 17, 13331 Marseilles cedex 3, France

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P D Bridge Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-810 Faro, Portugal
British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
UPRES Biodiversité, Faculté des Sciences St Charles, 3 Place Victor Hugo, case 17, 13331 Marseilles cedex 3, France

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A Gilles Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-810 Faro, Portugal
British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
UPRES Biodiversité, Faculté des Sciences St Charles, 3 Place Victor Hugo, case 17, 13331 Marseilles cedex 3, France

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D M Power Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-810 Faro, Portugal
British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
UPRES Biodiversité, Faculté des Sciences St Charles, 3 Place Victor Hugo, case 17, 13331 Marseilles cedex 3, France

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Introduction The G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are one of the largest known groups of proteins, comprising up to 80% of the total number of receptors identified in cells ( Bockaert 1991 , Bockaert et al. 2002 ). There are

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Marcel J M Schaaf Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Introduction The nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily forms the largest family of transcription factors in metazoan organisms, in which they regulate reproduction, development, metabolism and the immune response ( Bookout et al . 2006 , Evans

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Dellel Rezgui
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Christopher Williams Cancer Research UK Tumour Growth Control Group, Department of Organic and Biological Chemistry, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Cancer Research UK Receptor Structure Research Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK

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Sharon A Savage Cancer Research UK Tumour Growth Control Group, Department of Organic and Biological Chemistry, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Cancer Research UK Receptor Structure Research Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK

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Stuart N Prince
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Oliver J Zaccheo
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E Yvonne Jones Cancer Research UK Tumour Growth Control Group, Department of Organic and Biological Chemistry, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Cancer Research UK Receptor Structure Research Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK

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Matthew P Crump Cancer Research UK Tumour Growth Control Group, Department of Organic and Biological Chemistry, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Cancer Research UK Receptor Structure Research Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK

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A Bassim Hassan
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Introduction The human mannose 6-phosphate/IGF2 receptor (IGF2R) is a large (270 kDa) multi-functional type I membrane protein and P -type lectin. The 15 extra-cellular domains of IGF2R bind ligands that are shuttled from the Golgi to the pre

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