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C Féart Unité de Nutrition et Signalisation Cellulaire (E.A. MENRT, Usc INRA) ISTAB, Avenue des Facultés Université Bordeaux 1, 33405 Talence, France
Service de Biochimie de l’Hôpital Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Place Amélie Raba Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France
Service d’Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Maladies Métaboliques de l’Hôpital Haut-Levêque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Avenue Magellan, 33600 Pessac, France

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J Vallortigara Unité de Nutrition et Signalisation Cellulaire (E.A. MENRT, Usc INRA) ISTAB, Avenue des Facultés Université Bordeaux 1, 33405 Talence, France
Service de Biochimie de l’Hôpital Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Place Amélie Raba Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France
Service d’Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Maladies Métaboliques de l’Hôpital Haut-Levêque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Avenue Magellan, 33600 Pessac, France

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D Higueret Unité de Nutrition et Signalisation Cellulaire (E.A. MENRT, Usc INRA) ISTAB, Avenue des Facultés Université Bordeaux 1, 33405 Talence, France
Service de Biochimie de l’Hôpital Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Place Amélie Raba Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France
Service d’Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Maladies Métaboliques de l’Hôpital Haut-Levêque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Avenue Magellan, 33600 Pessac, France

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B Gatta Unité de Nutrition et Signalisation Cellulaire (E.A. MENRT, Usc INRA) ISTAB, Avenue des Facultés Université Bordeaux 1, 33405 Talence, France
Service de Biochimie de l’Hôpital Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Place Amélie Raba Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France
Service d’Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Maladies Métaboliques de l’Hôpital Haut-Levêque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Avenue Magellan, 33600 Pessac, France

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A Tabarin Unité de Nutrition et Signalisation Cellulaire (E.A. MENRT, Usc INRA) ISTAB, Avenue des Facultés Université Bordeaux 1, 33405 Talence, France
Service de Biochimie de l’Hôpital Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Place Amélie Raba Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France
Service d’Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Maladies Métaboliques de l’Hôpital Haut-Levêque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Avenue Magellan, 33600 Pessac, France

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V Enderlin Unité de Nutrition et Signalisation Cellulaire (E.A. MENRT, Usc INRA) ISTAB, Avenue des Facultés Université Bordeaux 1, 33405 Talence, France
Service de Biochimie de l’Hôpital Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Place Amélie Raba Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France
Service d’Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Maladies Métaboliques de l’Hôpital Haut-Levêque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Avenue Magellan, 33600 Pessac, France

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P Higueret Unité de Nutrition et Signalisation Cellulaire (E.A. MENRT, Usc INRA) ISTAB, Avenue des Facultés Université Bordeaux 1, 33405 Talence, France
Service de Biochimie de l’Hôpital Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Place Amélie Raba Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France
Service d’Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Maladies Métaboliques de l’Hôpital Haut-Levêque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Avenue Magellan, 33600 Pessac, France

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V Pallet Unité de Nutrition et Signalisation Cellulaire (E.A. MENRT, Usc INRA) ISTAB, Avenue des Facultés Université Bordeaux 1, 33405 Talence, France
Service de Biochimie de l’Hôpital Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Place Amélie Raba Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France
Service d’Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Maladies Métaboliques de l’Hôpital Haut-Levêque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Avenue Magellan, 33600 Pessac, France

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target genes in response to RA (retinoic acid) ligand (RA is the active form of vitamin A) ( Marill et al. 2003 ). Vitamin A, via RA, exerts a wide variety of profound effects on growth, tissue differentiation and homeostasis ( Sporn et al. 1994

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Michael D Griswold School of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA

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spermatogonial differentiation and how the action of vitamin A on this process and on the organization of spermatogenesis in time and space is critical for normal continual sperm production. Organization of the testis The seminiferous epithelium of

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A Pestka
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B Toth Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology–Innenstadt, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University Munich, Maistrasse 11, 80337 Munich, Germany

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C Kuhn
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S Hofmann
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I Wiest
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G Wypior
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K Friese
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U Jeschke
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vitamin A derivatives, so-called retinoids ( Singh et al . 2006 ). Retinoids are initially taken with food and via oxidation processes they are converted into retinoic acid, of which different isoforms such as 9- cis -retinoic acid (9- cis RA), 13- cis RA

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Marcel J M Schaaf Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands

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. 2014 ). The zebrafish retinoic acid receptors (RARs) Retinoic acid (RA) is the active metabolite of vitamin A. The importance of vitamin A in embryonic development has been recognized since ancient times, even though its molecular identity was

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Ronald M Evans Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Professor, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA

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Nuclear receptors (NRs) comprise a large family of signal dependent transcription factors that respond to a diverse range of fat soluble ligands including steroids, vitamins A and D, long chain fatty acids, bile acids, thyroid hormone and xenobiotic

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Jo E Lewis Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Sciences, The Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Sciences, The Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK

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John M Brameld Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Sciences, The Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK

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Phil Hill Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Sciences, The Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK

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Dana Wilson Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Sciences, The Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK

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Perry Barrett Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Sciences, The Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK

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Francis J P Ebling Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Sciences, The Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK

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Preeti H Jethwa Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Sciences, The Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK

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transporter for vitamin A and its metabolite RA as well as T 4 . TTR binds T 4 to establish a pool of T 4 in the plasma and cerebral spinal fluid ( Prendergast et al . 2002 ) as well as transporting retinol by binding to the RBP ( Hyung et al . 2010

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Bogusz Trojanowicz AG Experimentelle & Chirurgische Onkologie, Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Kinderchirurgie, Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Gefäßchirurgie, Martin-Luther Universität, Magdeburger Strasse 18, 06097 Halle/S., Germany
AG Experimentelle & Chirurgische Onkologie, Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Kinderchirurgie, Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Gefäßchirurgie, Martin-Luther Universität, Magdeburger Strasse 18, 06097 Halle/S., Germany

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Anja Winkler AG Experimentelle & Chirurgische Onkologie, Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Kinderchirurgie, Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Gefäßchirurgie, Martin-Luther Universität, Magdeburger Strasse 18, 06097 Halle/S., Germany

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Kathrin Hammje AG Experimentelle & Chirurgische Onkologie, Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Kinderchirurgie, Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Gefäßchirurgie, Martin-Luther Universität, Magdeburger Strasse 18, 06097 Halle/S., Germany

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Zhouxun Chen AG Experimentelle & Chirurgische Onkologie, Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Kinderchirurgie, Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Gefäßchirurgie, Martin-Luther Universität, Magdeburger Strasse 18, 06097 Halle/S., Germany
AG Experimentelle & Chirurgische Onkologie, Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Kinderchirurgie, Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Gefäßchirurgie, Martin-Luther Universität, Magdeburger Strasse 18, 06097 Halle/S., Germany

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Carsten Sekulla AG Experimentelle & Chirurgische Onkologie, Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Kinderchirurgie, Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Gefäßchirurgie, Martin-Luther Universität, Magdeburger Strasse 18, 06097 Halle/S., Germany

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Dagobert Glanz AG Experimentelle & Chirurgische Onkologie, Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Kinderchirurgie, Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Gefäßchirurgie, Martin-Luther Universität, Magdeburger Strasse 18, 06097 Halle/S., Germany

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Cornelia Schmutzler AG Experimentelle & Chirurgische Onkologie, Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Kinderchirurgie, Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Gefäßchirurgie, Martin-Luther Universität, Magdeburger Strasse 18, 06097 Halle/S., Germany

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Birgit Mentrup AG Experimentelle & Chirurgische Onkologie, Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Kinderchirurgie, Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Gefäßchirurgie, Martin-Luther Universität, Magdeburger Strasse 18, 06097 Halle/S., Germany

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Sabine Hombach-Klonisch AG Experimentelle & Chirurgische Onkologie, Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Kinderchirurgie, Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Gefäßchirurgie, Martin-Luther Universität, Magdeburger Strasse 18, 06097 Halle/S., Germany

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Thomas Klonisch AG Experimentelle & Chirurgische Onkologie, Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Kinderchirurgie, Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Gefäßchirurgie, Martin-Luther Universität, Magdeburger Strasse 18, 06097 Halle/S., Germany

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Rainer Finke AG Experimentelle & Chirurgische Onkologie, Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Kinderchirurgie, Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Gefäßchirurgie, Martin-Luther Universität, Magdeburger Strasse 18, 06097 Halle/S., Germany

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Josef Köhrle AG Experimentelle & Chirurgische Onkologie, Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Kinderchirurgie, Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Gefäßchirurgie, Martin-Luther Universität, Magdeburger Strasse 18, 06097 Halle/S., Germany

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Henning Dralle AG Experimentelle & Chirurgische Onkologie, Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Kinderchirurgie, Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Gefäßchirurgie, Martin-Luther Universität, Magdeburger Strasse 18, 06097 Halle/S., Germany

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Cuong Hoang-Vu AG Experimentelle & Chirurgische Onkologie, Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Kinderchirurgie, Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Gefäßchirurgie, Martin-Luther Universität, Magdeburger Strasse 18, 06097 Halle/S., Germany

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Introduction The vitamin A (retinol)-derived retinoic acids (RA) are important regulators of a diverse spectrum of physiological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, morphogenesis, angiogenesis, and apoptosis ( Maden 2000

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Albane le Maire CBS (Centre de Biologie Structurale), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France

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Martial Rey Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS USR2000, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, Paris, France

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Valérie Vivat IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), Univ Strasbourg, CNRS, Inserm, Illkirch, France

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Laura Guée CBS (Centre de Biologie Structurale), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France

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Pauline Blanc CBS (Centre de Biologie Structurale), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France

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Christian Malosse Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS USR2000, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, Paris, France

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Julia Chamot-Rooke Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS USR2000, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, Paris, France

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Pierre Germain CBS (Centre de Biologie Structurale), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France

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William Bourguet CBS (Centre de Biologie Structurale), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France

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. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 491 110436. ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2019.04.016 ) Krezel W Rivas A Szklenar M Ciancia M Alvarez R de Lera AR Ruhl R 2021 Vitamin A5/X, a new food to lipid hormone concept for a nutritional ligand

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Rene Cortese Epigenomics AG Berlin, Kleine Präsidentenstr. 1, 10178 Berlin, Germany
Institute of Human Genetics, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
Institute for Human Genetics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, Fleischmannstrasse 42/44, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
University Children’s Hospital, Department of Perinatology: Gerhard-Hauptmann-Str. 35, 39108 Magdeburg, Germany

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Florian Eckhardt Epigenomics AG Berlin, Kleine Präsidentenstr. 1, 10178 Berlin, Germany
Institute of Human Genetics, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
Institute for Human Genetics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, Fleischmannstrasse 42/44, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
University Children’s Hospital, Department of Perinatology: Gerhard-Hauptmann-Str. 35, 39108 Magdeburg, Germany

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Marianne Volleth Epigenomics AG Berlin, Kleine Präsidentenstr. 1, 10178 Berlin, Germany
Institute of Human Genetics, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
Institute for Human Genetics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, Fleischmannstrasse 42/44, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
University Children’s Hospital, Department of Perinatology: Gerhard-Hauptmann-Str. 35, 39108 Magdeburg, Germany

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Manfred Wehnert Epigenomics AG Berlin, Kleine Präsidentenstr. 1, 10178 Berlin, Germany
Institute of Human Genetics, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
Institute for Human Genetics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, Fleischmannstrasse 42/44, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
University Children’s Hospital, Department of Perinatology: Gerhard-Hauptmann-Str. 35, 39108 Magdeburg, Germany

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Uwe Koelsch Epigenomics AG Berlin, Kleine Präsidentenstr. 1, 10178 Berlin, Germany
Institute of Human Genetics, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
Institute for Human Genetics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, Fleischmannstrasse 42/44, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
University Children’s Hospital, Department of Perinatology: Gerhard-Hauptmann-Str. 35, 39108 Magdeburg, Germany

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Peter Wieacker Epigenomics AG Berlin, Kleine Präsidentenstr. 1, 10178 Berlin, Germany
Institute of Human Genetics, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
Institute for Human Genetics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, Fleischmannstrasse 42/44, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
University Children’s Hospital, Department of Perinatology: Gerhard-Hauptmann-Str. 35, 39108 Magdeburg, Germany

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Thomas Brune Epigenomics AG Berlin, Kleine Präsidentenstr. 1, 10178 Berlin, Germany
Institute of Human Genetics, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
Institute for Human Genetics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, Fleischmannstrasse 42/44, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
University Children’s Hospital, Department of Perinatology: Gerhard-Hauptmann-Str. 35, 39108 Magdeburg, Germany

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an intracellular protein involved in the transmission of the vitamin A-derived signal, which regulates genes responsible for lipid metabolism and adipocyte differentiation ( Carr et al. 1998 ). Although the phenotypes of HAART

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Russell Snyder Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 South Coulter, Amarillo, Texas 79106, USA

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Thomas Thekkumkara Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 South Coulter, Amarillo, Texas 79106, USA

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, Kim et al . 2008 ). Therefore, intervention against AngII's binding of AT1 is associated with not only a decrease in blood pressure but also a multisystemic effect. Vitamin A, also known as retinol (an alcohol) or retinal (an aldehyde), is an

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