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Department of Medicine of Systems, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, EBRI Foundation, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 100133 Rome, Italy
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Department of Medicine of Systems, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, EBRI Foundation, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 100133 Rome, Italy
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Department of Medicine of Systems, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, EBRI Foundation, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 100133 Rome, Italy
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Department of Medicine of Systems, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, EBRI Foundation, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 100133 Rome, Italy
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various peptides stored in large, dense core granules and secreted via the regulated secretory pathway in response to different stimuli, such as membrane depolarization and intracellular signaling activation ( Possenti et al . 1989 , 1999 , Trani et al
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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determined that ACTH(1–16) is the minimal sequence required for ACTH binding to MC2R and downstream signaling ( Kapas et al. 1996 , Chen et al. 2007 ). In addition, some ACTH fragments not only lack activity, but act as competitive antagonists of full
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that target NRs ( Gronemeyer et al . 2004 ). By some estimates, NR ligands constitute 10–20% of the worldwide pharmaceutical market ( Ottow & Weinmann 2008 ). With their remarkable property of transducing chemical signals from their ligands into
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communication in multicellular organisms. RNA as a signaling molecule RNA has several advantages as a signaling molecule. First, it can encode sequence-specific interactions using base-pairing rules and specificities. Such sequence-specific interactions may be
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Androgen Signalling Laboratory, Molecular Oncology, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
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luminal androgen receptor (AR) subtypes. Interestingly, the luminal AR (molecular apocrine) subtype has been demonstrated to have a gene expression profile resembling that of ERα-positive tumours, and this signalling may be attributable to the AR ( Farmer
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(PTH), regulates phosphate recycling and synthesis of calcitriol (1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D or 1,25(OH) 2 D) in the kidneys ( Shimada et al. 2004 ). Canonical FGF23 signalling requires the obligatory co-receptor alpha KLOTHO (KL), a transmembrane
Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Activation of the insulin signaling pathway regulates nutrient metabolism Insulin, secreted by the β-cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, is the most powerful anabolic hormone known to be involved in regulating glucose, lipid and
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). However, the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRH) neurons residing in the hypothalamus are the primary drivers of reproductive function, and impaired GNRH signaling is considered the underlying cause of reproductive suppression due to nutritional stress
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Introduction Every cell in every tissue in the human body needs to be able to sense hormones, cytokines, growth factors and other signals in its environment in order to make appropriate decisions. Binding of such signals to cell surface
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cause tumor regression ( Huggins & Clark 1940 ). Since then, our ability to inhibit androgen synthesis and androgen receptor (AR) signaling has improved, and several agents are now approved for treatment of metastatic prostate cancer ( Friedlander & Ryan
