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Division of Signalling Biology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
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Division of Signalling Biology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
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Introduction Emerging evidence from several areas of research suggests that metformin, a commonly used anti-diabetic drug, may be useful in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Metformin, a biguanide derivative, has been used for half a century
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postmenopausal breast cancer setting, with most ovarian oestrogen production having ceased, aims to target E2 reduction and is critical to underpin modern targeted cancer therapy ( Rugo et al . 2016 ). For example, the newer mTOR and CDK4/6 inhibitors in breast
Department of Experimental Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Department of Experimental Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Department of Experimental Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Biochemistry Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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crucial cellular processes (e.g. proliferation, growth, differentiation and development) ( Hershey et al . 2012 ). Dysregulated mRNA translation is implicated in most hallmarks of cancer including aberrant cell proliferation, survival, angiogenesis and
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Introduction Decreasing mortality rates in breast cancer have been observed since the late 1980s. This decline has been attributed to populationwide screening mammography programs and the greater use of systemic adjuvant therapy ( Berry et al
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Introduction An increasing body of literature supports a significant role for the hormone prolactin (PRL) in the pathogenesis of human breast cancer. Epidemiologic analysis has revealed that PRL concentration is associated with an increased risk for
Medical Oncology Branch National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Building 10, Room 5A01, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Text One of the six hallmarks of cancer proposed by Hanahan & Weinberg (2000) is an acquired insensitivity to inhibitors of cell growth. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is probably the best-characterized antigrowth pathway. Acquired
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Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Introduction Thyroid cancer accounts for more than 1% of all malignancies, with an estimated annual incidence of 212 000 cases worldwide ( Stewart et al . 2003 , Ferlay et al . 2010 ). This number has been rapidly increasing in recent years ( Liu
Metabolism and Cancer Laboratory, Physiology, Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia Departments of
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Metabolism and Cancer Laboratory, Physiology, Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia Departments of
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one mechanism whereby they increase the risk of breast cancer, especially in women who are obese. Dysregulated metabolism is also a driver of obesity-related aromatase expression in the breast, but this topic is beyond the scope of this article
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Invited Author’s profile Sarah Boyle is an Australian Research Council DECRA Research Fellow at the Centre for Cancer Biology in Adelaide, South Australia. Sarah completed her PhD at the University of Adelaide, investigating the roles of
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Introduction The complexity of prolactin (PRL) signaling and function in breast cancer biology is apparent, with multiple reports covering a spectrum of observations that range from a protective nature to the induction of lytic bone cells in
