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integrin than T 3 . By binding to integrin αvβ3, the thyroid hormone signal is transduced by the MAPK (extracellular regulated kinase 1/2, ERK1/2) cascade ( Davis et al . 2004 , Bergh et al . 2005 ). Several complex downstream events occur as a result of
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Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Translational Proteomics, Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, University of Melbourne, 4th Floor, 163 Studley Road, Heidelberg 3084, Victoria, Australia
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their offspring have greater incidence of perinatal complications and increased risk of obesity and diabetes in adulthood ( Metzger 2007 ). Blood glucose levels are regulated by the insulin-signalling pathway. The β-cells of the pancreas secrete insulin
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signaling participates in a range of pathological processes, with NRs implicated in diseases such as diabetes, hormone resistance syndromes, and cancer. Forty-eight NRs have been identified in humans ( Xiao et al . 2013 ). Upon ligand binding, these
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Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama 350-1241, Japan Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2300, USA Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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–antigen complexes were detected using the Western Blotting Chemiluminescence Luminol Reagent (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Antibodies used included anti-phospho PKA and anti-PKA (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA). Preparation of cRNA
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, angiotensin (Ang) II is the most critical active peptide to stimulate the downstream signalling, including cellular proliferation, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and cardiovascular dysfunction ( Pan et al. 2014 a , von Lueder et al. 2015
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Trauma and Emergency Center, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, School of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Healthcare Administration, Division of Medical Technology, Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan, ROC
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Trauma and Emergency Center, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, School of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Healthcare Administration, Division of Medical Technology, Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan, ROC
Trauma and Emergency Center, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, School of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Healthcare Administration, Division of Medical Technology, Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan, ROC
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). Conversely, IGF2 to IGF1R or InR triggers a series of mitotic signaling cascades that function in cell development, growth, survival, and metabolic effect regulation ( Jones & Clemmons 1995 , Diaz et al . 2007 , Blum & Baumrucker 2008 ). Recent evidence
Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Agricultural Ministry and Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
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family impair preadipocyte differentiation ( Karbiener et al . 2009 , Sun et al . 2009 , Kim et al . 2010 ). In addition, miR-210 has been reported to promote adipogenesis by inhibiting the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway ( Qin et al
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Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Department of Physiology, Neuropeptide Physiology Laboratory, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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receptor on somatotroph cells where it synergistically (in combination with GHRH) increases the release of GH and antagonizes the effect of SRIF. Moreover, i.v. ghrelin signals via the vagus nerve to the brain where it triggers the release of GHRH and
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Department of Neonatology, Department of Neonatology, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Central Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Therapy of Neonatal Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
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considerably from PH induced by chronic hypoxia (CH). A previous study has shown that ghrelin can directly stimulate the production of nitric oxide (NO) from vascular endothelial cells through PI 3-kinase-dependent signaling pathways that mimic the effects of
Santo Spirito Hospital, Pescara, Italy
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
University of Chieti, Department of Pediatrics, Chieti, Italy
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Santo Spirito Hospital, Pescara, Italy
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
University of Chieti, Department of Pediatrics, Chieti, Italy
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Santo Spirito Hospital, Pescara, Italy
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
University of Chieti, Department of Pediatrics, Chieti, Italy
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Santo Spirito Hospital, Pescara, Italy
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
University of Chieti, Department of Pediatrics, Chieti, Italy
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Santo Spirito Hospital, Pescara, Italy
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
University of Chieti, Department of Pediatrics, Chieti, Italy
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Santo Spirito Hospital, Pescara, Italy
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
University of Chieti, Department of Pediatrics, Chieti, Italy
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Santo Spirito Hospital, Pescara, Italy
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
University of Chieti, Department of Pediatrics, Chieti, Italy
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cartilage ( Johnstone et al. 1998 , Pittenger et al. 1999 , Sekiya et al. 2002 ). However, much of the basic biology of MCCs and in particular the molecular signals by which growth factors regulate MCC fate are basically unknown. Insulin