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undergoing clinical testing for treatment of aggressive thyroid carcinomas ( Schlumberger & Sherman 2009 ). The differentiation and proliferation properties of thyroid cancer cells are also strongly influenced by epigenetic alterations ( Kondo et al . 2008
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Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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-like phenotype, a potential theory which is tested by mechanistically studying the interplay between AR- and NE-driving forces such as neural differentiation regulator BRN2 ( Bishop et al. 2017 ) or growth-promoting paternally expressed gene 10 (PEG10
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inhibin. While, FSH is mainly involved in follicular growth, cellular proliferation, and estrogen production (aromatase activity), LH induces androgen biosynthesis, final maturation of the oocytes, ovulation, and terminal differentiation of ovulated
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, differentiation, and expansion of adipocytes – processes that underlie the hypertrophy and hyperplasia of adipose tissue associated with obesity ( Oguri et al. 2010 , Sun et al. 2012 , Zhang et al. 2018 ). Interestingly, these processes are differentially
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observations in patients with Cushing’s syndrome who develop reversibly central obesity highlight the importance of glucocorticoids in this regard ( Rebuffe-Scrive 1988 ). Glucocorticoids (GCs) induce adipocyte differentiation ( Hauner et al. 1987
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& Flier 2004 , Steppan & Lazar 2004 , Kadowaki & Yamauchi 2005 ). Transgenic (TG) mice with fat ablation have been produced by inhibition of adipocyte differentiation and development ( Moitra et al . 1998 , Shimomura et al . 1998 , Peterfy et al
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Ralph H Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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differentiate into bone-forming osteoblasts ( Stein & Lian 1993 ). MSC undergoes an initial proliferation phase where genes involved in cell cycle and cell growth (e.g. c-Myc and c-Jun ) are highly expressed ( Stein & Lian 1993 ). This phase is accompanied by
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Introduction Spermatogenesis is a complex cellular development, in which spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) give rise via mitosis to spermatogonia that enter meiosis and spermiogenesis to produce a large number of highly differentiated haploid
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filtered cigarettes (Marlboro 20 class A cigarettes (8.0 mg tar; 0.7 mg nicotine); Philip Morris Korea, Inc., Seoul, Korea), as described previously ( Yoon et al. 2013 ). Cell culture and differentiation protocols Orbital adipose
Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia, Department of Medical Chemistry, Medicina Sperimentale e Sanità Pubblica, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
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, differentiation, or death, those induced (or repressed) in response to infection, tissue damage, and inflammation, pathways that maintain metabolic homeostasis and those that regulate mood and memory ( Stahn et al . 2007 ). The relative expression levels of