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H Watanabe Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan and Core Research for Evolution Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Corporation
Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Louis Pasteur, Collége de France, 67404 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France

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E Takahashi Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan and Core Research for Evolution Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Corporation
Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Louis Pasteur, Collége de France, 67404 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France

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M Kobayashi Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan and Core Research for Evolution Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Corporation
Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Louis Pasteur, Collége de France, 67404 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France

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M Goto Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan and Core Research for Evolution Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Corporation
Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Louis Pasteur, Collége de France, 67404 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France

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A Krust Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan and Core Research for Evolution Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Corporation
Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Louis Pasteur, Collége de France, 67404 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France

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P Chambon Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan and Core Research for Evolution Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Corporation
Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Louis Pasteur, Collége de France, 67404 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France

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T Iguchi Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan and Core Research for Evolution Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Corporation
Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Louis Pasteur, Collége de France, 67404 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France

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. Thus, it remains unclear which processes are essential for the effects of estrogen in target tissues. In the level of gene expression, it is also not clear whether estrogen-response genes are directly regulated by estrogen receptor (ER) or not

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T Yamaguchi Division of Molecular Cytology, Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Tokushima, 3-18-15, Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
Harima Institute at Spring-8, RIKEN, Mikazuki, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
Division of Pharmacy, Tokushima University Hospital, 2-50-1, Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan

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A Kurisaki Division of Molecular Cytology, Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Tokushima, 3-18-15, Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
Harima Institute at Spring-8, RIKEN, Mikazuki, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
Division of Pharmacy, Tokushima University Hospital, 2-50-1, Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan

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N Yamakawa Division of Molecular Cytology, Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Tokushima, 3-18-15, Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
Harima Institute at Spring-8, RIKEN, Mikazuki, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
Division of Pharmacy, Tokushima University Hospital, 2-50-1, Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan

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K Minakuchi Division of Molecular Cytology, Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Tokushima, 3-18-15, Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
Harima Institute at Spring-8, RIKEN, Mikazuki, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
Division of Pharmacy, Tokushima University Hospital, 2-50-1, Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan

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H Sugino Division of Molecular Cytology, Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Tokushima, 3-18-15, Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
Harima Institute at Spring-8, RIKEN, Mikazuki, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
Division of Pharmacy, Tokushima University Hospital, 2-50-1, Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan

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processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, inflammatory processes, and cell migration ( Kingsley 1994 , Sugino & Tsuchida 2000 , Tsuchida 2004 , Phillips 2005 ). They bind to constitutively active type II Ser/Thr kinase receptors

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Colin D Clyne Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia

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Kevin P Kusnadi Cardiovascular Endocrinology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia

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Alexander Cowcher Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia

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James Morgan Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia

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Jun Yang Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia

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Peter J Fuller Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia

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Morag J Young Cardiovascular Endocrinology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
University of Melbourne and Baker HDI Department of Cardiometabolic Health and Disease, Melbourne, Australia

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Introduction The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) has a fundamental physiological role in renal epithelial tissues regulating blood pressure and electrolytes. The MR is also expressed throughout the cardiovascular system where the

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Sheng Wu
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Graeme J Roch
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Laura A Cervini Department of Biology, Peptide Biology Laboratory, University of Victoria, Victoria BC, Canada V8W 3N5

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Jean E Rivier Department of Biology, Peptide Biology Laboratory, University of Victoria, Victoria BC, Canada V8W 3N5

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Nancy M Sherwood
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Introduction In humans, the secretin superfamily has ten hormones and at least nine receptors, all of which are listed in Table 1 with abbreviations and gene names. To date, one of the hormones lacks a specific (high-affinity) receptor and several

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Ying Li Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Evolution, and Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, People’s Republic of China
Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People’s Republic of China
The Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, People’s Republic of China
Biochemistry Department, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BNI 9QG, UK

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Michael Wallis Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Evolution, and Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, People’s Republic of China
Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People’s Republic of China
The Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, People’s Republic of China
Biochemistry Department, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BNI 9QG, UK

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Ya-ping Zhang Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Evolution, and Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, People’s Republic of China
Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People’s Republic of China
The Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, People’s Republic of China
Biochemistry Department, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BNI 9QG, UK

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Introduction The prolactin (PRL) receptor (PRLR) is a single-pass transmembrane receptor belonging to the cytokine receptor superfamily ( Kelly et al. 1991 , Bole-Feysot et al. 1998 ). Receptors in this superfamily share a

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S Das Bone and Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK

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I Sepahi Bone and Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK

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A Duthie Bone and Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK

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S Clark Bone and Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK

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J C Crockett Bone and Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK

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Introduction The interaction of receptor activator of NFκB (RANK; encoded by TNFRSF11A ) with RANK ligand (RANKL; encoded by TNFSF11 ) is critical for the formation and function of osteoclasts ( Anderson et al . 1997 ), and the absence of either

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David E C Cole
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Francisco H J Yun
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Betty Y L Wong
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Andrew Y Shuen
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Ronald A Booth
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Alfredo Scillitani Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Endocrinology Unit, Hormones and Cancer Research Unit, Medicine, and Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L5

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Svetlana Pidasheva Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Endocrinology Unit, Hormones and Cancer Research Unit, Medicine, and Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L5

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Xiang Zhou Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Endocrinology Unit, Hormones and Cancer Research Unit, Medicine, and Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L5

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Lucie Canaff Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Endocrinology Unit, Hormones and Cancer Research Unit, Medicine, and Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L5

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Geoffrey N Hendy Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Endocrinology Unit, Hormones and Cancer Research Unit, Medicine, and Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L5

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Introduction The calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) is a plasma membrane G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) abundantly expressed in the parathyroid gland and kidney tubule where it plays a key role as the ‘calciostat’, maintaining extracellular fluid

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Luca Clemente Perinatal Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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Ian M Bird Perinatal Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placental growth factor (PlGF), have been studied extensively in the context of PE, but the role that altered epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) signaling might play in

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Karin Ecker Biocenter, Biocenter, Department of Biology, Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz Pregl Strasse 3, A 6020 Innsbruck, Austria

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Andreas Lorenz Biocenter, Biocenter, Department of Biology, Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz Pregl Strasse 3, A 6020 Innsbruck, Austria

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Frank Wolf Biocenter, Biocenter, Department of Biology, Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz Pregl Strasse 3, A 6020 Innsbruck, Austria

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Christian Ploner Biocenter, Biocenter, Department of Biology, Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz Pregl Strasse 3, A 6020 Innsbruck, Austria

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Günther Böck Biocenter, Biocenter, Department of Biology, Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz Pregl Strasse 3, A 6020 Innsbruck, Austria

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Tod Duncan Biocenter, Biocenter, Department of Biology, Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz Pregl Strasse 3, A 6020 Innsbruck, Austria

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Stephan Geley Biocenter, Biocenter, Department of Biology, Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz Pregl Strasse 3, A 6020 Innsbruck, Austria

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Arno Helmberg Biocenter, Biocenter, Department of Biology, Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz Pregl Strasse 3, A 6020 Innsbruck, Austria

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the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which, in the absence of ligand, is bound to a large, dynamic multi-protein chaperone complex. This complex includes heat shock protein molecules Hsp90 and, temporarily, Hsp70 as well as an immunophilin component and

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Katherine A Leehy Department of Medicine and Pharmacology University of Minnesota Twin Cities Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

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Tarah M Regan Anderson Department of Medicine and Pharmacology University of Minnesota Twin Cities Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

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Andrea R Daniel Department of Medicine and Pharmacology University of Minnesota Twin Cities Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

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Carol A Lange Department of Medicine and Pharmacology University of Minnesota Twin Cities Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

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Julie H Ostrander Department of Medicine and Pharmacology University of Minnesota Twin Cities Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

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Introduction Steroid hormone receptors (SRs) belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors. Members include the mineralocorticoid receptors, androgen receptors (ARs), estrogen receptors (ERs

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