Retinoic acid regulation of homoeostatic synaptic plasticity and its relationship to cognitive disorders

in Journal of Molecular Endocrinology
Authors:
Francesca Moramarco Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK

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Peter McCaffery Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK

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https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5956-3997

Correspondence should be addressed to P McCaffery: peter.mccaffery@abdn.ac.uk

This paper forms part of a special collection marking 35 Years Since the Discovery of the Retinoic Acid Receptor. The guest editors for this section were Simak Ali and Vincent Giguère.

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/JME-22-0177
Volume/Issue:
Volume 72: Issue 1
Article Type:
Review Article
Article ID:
e220177
Online Publication Date:
06 Dec 2023
Copyright:
© the author(s) 2023
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There is increasing interest in retinoic acid (RA) as a regulator of the complex biological processes underlying the cognitive functions performed by the brain. The importance of RA in brain function is underlined by the brain’s high efficiency in converting vitamin A into RA. One crucial action of RA in the brain is dependent on RA receptor α (RARα) transport out of the nucleus, where it no longer regulates transcription but carries out non-genomic functions. RARα, when localised in the cytoplasm, particularly in neuronal dendrites, acts as a translational suppressor. It regulates protein translation as a crucial part of the mechanism maintaining homoeostatic synaptic plasticity, which is characterised by neuronal changes necessary to restore and balance the excitability of neuronal networks after perturbation events. Under normal conditions of neurotransmission, RARα without ligand suppresses the translation of proteins. When neural activity is reduced, RA synthesis is stimulated, and RA signalling via RARα derepresses the translation of proteins and synergistically with the fragile X mental retardation protein allows the synthesis of Ca2+ permeable α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors that re-establish normal levels of synaptic activity. Homoeostatic synaptic plasticity underlies many cognitive processes, so its impairment due to dysregulation of RA signalling may be involved in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism, which is also associated with FMRP. A full understanding of RA signalling control of homoeostatic synaptic plasticity may point to treatments.

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Online ISSN:
1479-6813
Print ISSN:
0952-5041
Copyright:
© the author(s) 2023
Article ID:
e220177
Article Type:
Review Article
Received Date:
01 Oct 2022
Accepted Date:
06 Nov 2023
Print Publication Date:
01 Jan 2024
Online Publication Date:
06 Dec 2023
Keywords:
retinoic acid; AMPA receptors; FMRP; fragile X syndrome; autism

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